历史与起源 History and Origin
一、布朗人的脉搏：濮人遗风
布朗族群的血脉就像澜沧江的水在横断山脉的褶皱里奔流不息，在他们迁徙到“大中南半岛”区域前，这个民族早在“中国文字”出现前便已长期生存在“东亚”区域。如今布朗族群的生活范围主要集中的中国，约127,345人；其次是缅甸北部，约15,000人；再次是泰国，约1,400人，合计143,745人。
The bloodline of the Bulang people flows like the waters of the Lancang River, surging endlessly through the folds of the Hengduan Mountains. Long before they migrated to the “Greater Indochina Peninsula” region, this ethnic group had already lived in the “East Asian” area for a long time—even before the emergence of “Chinese writing.” Today, the Bulang population is mainly concentrated in China, numbering about 127,345 people; followed by northern Myanmar, with around 15,000 people; and then Thailand, with about 1,400 people, making a total of approximately 143,745 individuals.
Figure 1 – The Lost Book of Zhou (Yi Zhou Shu), Volume 7, Explanation of the Royal Assemblies (Wang Hui Jie) Chapter 59, “Yi Yin’s Court Offering,” Book of Shang.
布朗族群目前最早明确见著于文字是始于《逸周书》所记载的商周时期（前1600～前256年）的“百濮”族群（图1），他们是孟高棉语族的古老支系：“伊尹朝献 ·商书 …… 百濮、九菌（六者南蛮之别名）”《逸周书》王会解中又记（图2）：“卜人以丹砂（卜人，西南之蛮，丹沙所出，卜即濮也，沙今做砂。）”
The earliest known written record of the Bulang people can be traced back to the “Bai Pu” (Hundred Pu) tribes mentioned in the Lost Book of Zhou (Yi Zhou Shu), dating from the Shang and Zhou dynasties (1600–256 BCE) (see Figure 1). They were an ancient branch of the Mon-Khmer language family. The Yi Yin’s Court Offering · Book of Shang records: “… the Bai Pu and Jiu Jun (six alternative names for the southern barbarians).” Furthermore, in the Explanation of the Royal Assemblies section of the Lost Book of Zhou (see Figure 2), it is written: “The diviners use cinnabar (the diviners were southwestern tribes where cinnabar was produced; ‘Bo’ refers to ‘Pu,’ and ‘sha’ is the modern ‘sand’).”
Figure 2 – The Lost Book of Zhou (Yi Zhou Shu), Volume 7, Explanation of the Royal Assemblies Chapter 59.
这个被中国古代中原王朝书记为进贡丹砂的古老族群至今没有发展出自己的文字。如今在中国境内的布朗族多是傣文和汉文并用，在泰国和缅甸区域则多使用泰文和缅文。
而所谓“百濮”无非就是“百样的濮人”之统称，是商周时期中原政权“自以为中，诸方皆夷”心态下给南部其它部族的一个统称，并不代表某一个特定的族群。古代中原书记者给百濮先民分支冠以了“最直观”的称谓：“苞满”“文面濮”“赤口濮”“木棉濮”“闽濮”“躶濮”“濮”“尾濮”“黑爨濮”等等。
“濮”字较早的出现在史书上用于称呼这个族群，随后的史书中所谓“普”、“卜”、“朴”、“蒲”，更有众多学者认为商代甲骨文“僕”也指向了同一个族群，它们是同一个意思，同一个发音，不同写法而已。
隋唐至宋时期（581～1279年），是濮人开始分化并逐步形成我国境内孟高棉系统下的布朗族、佤族、德昂族的关键时期，见图3 布朗族源流演进表。
The term “Bai Pu” literally means “a hundred kinds of Pu people.” It was a general designation used by the central powers of the Shang and Zhou dynasties—who viewed themselves as the civilized center and regarded surrounding peoples as barbarians—for various southern tribes. It did not refer to any single specific ethnic group. Ancient Chinese chroniclers gave the early Pu subgroups descriptive names based on their most visible traits, such as “Bao Man,” “Wen Mian Pu” (Tattooed Pu), “Chi Kou Pu” (Red-Mouthed Pu), “Mu Mian Pu” (Cotton Pu), “Min Pu,” “Luo Pu” (Naked Pu), “Pu,” “Wei Pu,” and “Hei Cuan Pu” (Black Cuan Pu), among others.
The character “濮” (Pu) first appeared in historical texts to refer to this group. In later records, variants such as “普” (Pu), “卜” (Bo), “朴” (Pu), and “蒲” (Pu) were also used. Many scholars even believe that the oracle bone character “僕” (Pu) from the Shang dynasty referred to the same people. These names share the same meaning and pronunciation, differing only in written form.
During the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (581–1279 CE), the Pu people gradually differentiated and eventually developed into several ethnic groups within the Mon-Khmer branch in China—most notably the Bulang, Wa, and De’ang peoples. See Figure 3: Genealogical Chart of the Bulang People’s Origins and Evolution.
Figure 3 – Genealogical Chart of the Bulang People’s Origins and Evolution.
一部以“望蛮”为称呼的濮人已经从濮族中分化而出，成为了如今佤族的先民。另一部被称为“朴子蛮”的濮人族群在随后的时间中逐渐分化出了两个族群：
居住在永昌府（今保山市）西南地区（主要是怒江以西的德宏地区）的朴子蛮族群，以怒江为天然的地理隔离，清代书记为“崩龙”，现代称德昂族。居住在怒江以东直至澜沧江流域广大地区的朴子蛮族群则发展为另一个族群，如今称为布朗族。
值得注意的是，历代中原书记者在记录周边族类之时，表面上各差别较小的部族常被归类到一起，以至于某些小族类从书面记载中消失。
布朗族这个濮人支系从隋唐起，一直到元至清代（1271～1912年）称呼延续了古老的“濮”字发音。唐宋时期书记者写作同音字“朴”，元至清代使用同音字“蒲”称呼：“蒲蛮”“蒲人”。
A branch of the Pu people known as the “Wang Man” had already split off from the main Pu group, becoming the ancestors of today’s Wa people. Another Pu subgroup, called the “Puzi Man,” gradually divided into two distinct ethnic groups over time:
The Puzi Man living in the southwestern area of Yongchang Prefecture (present-day Baoshan City)—mainly west of the Nu River in what is now the Dehong region—were geographically separated by the Nu River. In Qing dynasty records, they were referred to as the “Benglong,” and today they are known as the De’ang people. The Puzi Man living east of the Nu River and throughout the vast Lancang River basin developed into another group, now known as the Bulang people.
It is worth noting that when ancient Chinese chroniclers recorded the surrounding ethnic groups, they often grouped together tribes that appeared superficially similar. As a result, some smaller groups disappeared from written records altogether.
From the Sui and Tang dynasties onward, the Bulang branch of the Pu people retained the ancient pronunciation of the word “Pu” (濮). During the Tang and Song periods, historians wrote it using the homophonous character “朴,” while from the Yuan to the Qing dynasties (1271–1912), they used another homophone, “蒲,” referring to them as “Pu Man” or “Pu People.”
Figure 4 – Book of the Southern Barbarians (Man Shu).
唐代《蛮书》中单独记有字条称（图4）：“朴子蛮，勇悍矫捷，以青婆罗缎为通身袴。善用白箕竹，深林间射飞鼠，发无不中 …… ”由此看来或最迟在唐代布朗族已经发展为一个具有鲜明特质的单一民族。
In the Tang dynasty text Book of the Southern Barbarians (Man Shu), there is a specific entry (see Figure 4) that reads: “The Puzi Man are brave, fierce, and agile. They wear trousers made entirely of blue poluo silk. Skilled in using white ji bamboo, they hunt flying squirrels deep in the forest, and their shots never miss…” From this account, it can be inferred that by the Tang dynasty—if not earlier—the Bulang people had already developed into a distinct ethnic group with clearly defined cultural characteristics.
二、布朗人先民的迁徙
2. Migration of the Ancestral Bulang People
夏代（前2070～1600年）
中国古代历史中“濮”长期以来就是一种泛称，主要指嘉陵江及长江上游地区的族群（见图5），即今湖北西部及重庆、四川等的长江沿线地区。根据《左传· 文公十六年》中对濮人的注释普遍认为濮族长期以来并未建立国家：“并无无君长总统，各以邑落自聚”。
Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BCE)
In ancient Chinese history, the term “Pu” (濮) was long used as a general designation, primarily referring to the peoples living along the Jialing River and the upper Yangtze River regions (see Figure 5)—corresponding to present-day western Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan along the Yangtze River. According to annotations on the Pu people in Zuo Zhuan · Duke Wen, Year 16, it is generally believed that the Pu did not establish a centralized state for a long time: “They had no supreme ruler; each gathered independently in their own settlements.”
Figure 5 – Regional Map of Ethnic Groups during the Xia and Shang Periods.
而对于布朗族来说，其发展成一个独特民族的过程，恰恰是其历经艰辛的迁徙史。
For the Bulang people, the process of becoming a distinct ethnic group is inseparable from their arduous history of migration.
商代（前1600～1046年）
在夏商交替之际，强大的昆吾方国在护卫夏政权的过程中失利，被迫迁徙远走南方后，留出的版图自然被商政权所占据。
虽然目前在商代甲骨文献中商王朝和“百濮”族群之间的关系并没有明确的资料可以参考。但是鉴于商代武丁时期对周边方国大量的征伐记载来看，“百濮”与商王朝的关系恐怕不会很好，这或许已经暗示了“百濮”族群在商代即也有南迁之举。
商末部分“濮人”或已选举出领袖，他们与商王朝之间可能存在的矛盾或积累到“牧野之盟”时便彻底爆发了。周武王以夏桀暴政之名伐商欲取而代之，与八大“方国”在牧野盟誓（见图6）。
Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE)
At the transition between the Xia and Shang dynasties, the powerful Kunwu Fang state, which had defended the Xia regime, was defeated and forced to migrate southward. The territory they left behind was naturally absorbed by the Shang state.
Although current Shang oracle bone inscriptions provide no explicit records of the relationship between the Shang kings and the “Bai Pu” tribes, the extensive campaigns of King Wu Ding against surrounding states suggest that the Bai Pu likely had a tense or adversarial relationship with the Shang court. This may indicate that some Bai Pu groups began southward migration during the Shang period.
By the late Shang, some Pu communities may have elected leaders, and accumulated tensions with the Shang court likely culminated during the “Muye Alliance.” King Wu of Zhou, citing the tyranny of Xia Jie, launched a campaign to overthrow the Shang, allying with the eight major “Fang States” at the Muye oath ceremony (see Figure 6).
Figure 6 – Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Volume 4.
司马迁《史记》中记载“牧誓八国”之中即有“濮人”，其或因为实力最弱而名列最后：“…… 甲子昧爽，王朝至于商郊牧野，乃誓。武王左杖黄钺，右秉白旄以麾，曰：远矣，西土之人！武王曰：嗟！我有国冢君御事，司徒、司马、司空，亚旅、师氏，千夫长、百夫长，及庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、卢、彭、濮人。称尔戈，比尔干，立尔矛，予其誓 …… ”孔安国注《史记》时对这段的注释是：“八国皆蛮夷…… 庸、濮在江汉之南 ……”
值得注意的是，司马迁在牧誓中所引用的资料来自于《商书》，称牧誓其余各方为“人”：庸人、濮人，而孔方国则称“国”，这或是因为《尚书》的资料来源更多的站在了“周王朝叙事”的角度。
In Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), the “Pu people” are listed among the “eight allied states” at the Muye oath, possibly because they were the weakest and thus named last:
“…At the dawn of the Jiazi day, the king arrived at the Shang outskirts at Muye to swear the oath. King Wu held the yellow axe in his left hand and the white banner in his right, and said: ‘Far away, people of the western lands! I have my state officials, ministers, and military officers: the tutors, commanders, centurions, and also the Yong, Shu, Qiang, Mao, Wei, Lu, Peng, and Pu people. Raise your spears, lift your shields, and take the oath…’”
In his commentary, Kong Anguo notes: “The eight states are all barbarians… Yong and Pu are south of the Jiang and Han rivers…”
It is worth noting that Sima Qian cites materials from the Book of Shang, which refers to the Muye allies as “people”: Yong people, Pu people. In contrast, some sources in the Book of Documents call them “states,” reflecting the Zhou court perspective of the historical record.
西周（前1046～771年）
在牧野从龙有功的“濮人”对周王朝称臣进贡以丹砂。时至西周末年，周天子的分封制出现了巨大的问题，各路诸侯国势力崛起，虽仍奉天子，但实际上周天子的权威早已荡然无存。
Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE)
The Pu people who assisted at Muye swore allegiance to the Zhou kings and offered tribute in cinnabar. By the late Western Zhou, the system of enfeoffment had weakened, and regional lords rose in power. Although they formally recognized the Zhou king, the king’s actual authority had largely disappeared.
东周/春秋战国（前770—前256年）
公元前828年，楚王熊严死后，长子熊霜继位。熊霜在位六年（公元前828年—前822年）去世，他的3个弟弟仲雪、叔熊、季徇开始争夺君位。结果仲雪战死，叔熊逃亡至濮地避难，少弟季徇即位（即熊徇）。《国语 · 郑语》中对于这场争斗有记载（见图7）：“叔逃难于濮而蛮…… ”韦昭注称:“叔，叔熊。濮，蛮邑。”
显然当时楚国的势力并未能够触及到“百濮”之地，只能放任叔熊逃奔濮地。
Eastern Zhou / Spring and Autumn & Warring States (770–256 BCE)
In 828 BCE, King Xiong Yan of Chu died, and his eldest son Xiong Shuang succeeded him. Xiong Shuang ruled six years (828–822 BCE) before dying. His three younger brothers—Zhong Xue, Shu Xiong, and Ji Xun—contested the throne. Zhong Xue was killed in battle, Shu Xiong fled to Pu territory for refuge, and the youngest, Ji Xun (Xiong Xun), became king. Guoyu · Zhengyu records this struggle (see Figure 7): “Shu fled for refuge among the Pu and barbarians…” Wei Zhao’s commentary explains: “Shu refers to Shu Xiong. Pu refers to a barbarian settlement.”
Clearly, at that time, the Chu state could not reach the Bai Pu lands and had to allow Shu Xiong to escape to Pu territory.
Figure 7 – Guoyu · Zhengyu, Volume 16: “Shu Fled for Refuge among the Pu and Barbarians.”
《国语 · 郑语》中又记载（见图8），王位传至熊徇的后代熊眴（蚡冒）：“楚蚡冒于是乎始启濮”。楚君蚡冒（熊眴）约公元前757年—前741年在位，在约公元前740年前后开始对江汉地区的百濮之地进行开发或者说征战，标志着楚国开启了对濮地的初步控制。
Guoyu · Zhengyu also records (see Figure 8) that the throne passed to Xiong Xun’s descendants, Xiong Xuan (also called Fenmao): “Thus Chu’s Fenmao began to open up the Pu lands.” King Fenmao of Chu (Xiong Xuan) reigned approximately 757–741 BCE, and around 740 BCE, he began to develop—or, more accurately, conduct military campaigns in—the Bai Pu territories of the Jiang-Han region, marking the start of Chu’s initial control over the Pu lands.
Figure 8 – Guoyu · Zhengyu, Volume 16: “Thus Chu’s Fenmao Began to Open Up the Pu Lands.”
楚国熊通不满哥哥楚君蚡冒（熊眴）的儿子继位，发动兵变杀侄子夺王位，并在随后与周王室的矛盾中自封为楚武王，熊通一方面北上伐随（公元前706年），同时《史记·楚世家》记有楚武王：“始开濮地而有之”。楚武王在汉寿（今湖南常德汉寿县）修筑“皇城”，作为经营洞庭湖湘沅澧流域的政治军事中心，并将濮地封给王室贵族。
Xiong Tong of Chu, dissatisfied with his nephew—the son of King Fenmao of Chu (Xiong Xuan)—ascending the throne, launched a coup, killed his nephew, and seized the kingship. Amid subsequent tensions with the Zhou royal court, he proclaimed himself King Wu of Chu. Xiong Tong simultaneously campaigned north against the State of Sui (706 BCE). According to Records of the Grand Historian · House of Chu (Shiji · Chu Shijia), King Wu “began to open and possess the Pu lands” (see Figure 9). King Wu constructed the “Imperial City” in Hanshou (present-day Hanshou County, Changde, Hunan) as a political and military center to administer the Dongting Lake and the Xiang, Yuan, and Li river regions. He also enfeoffed the Pu lands to royal family members and nobility.
Figure 10 – Zuo Zhuan · Duke Wen, Year 16: “The Qun People Led the Bai Pu to Gather at Xuan.”
《左传· 文公十六年》记载（图10），公元前611年，庸国率群蛮叛楚之际，麇国（今湖北郧县一带）联合百濮聚于“选”（湖北枝江）企图伐楚，楚人以蒍贾之谋退兵：“庸人率群蛮以叛楚。 麇人率百濮聚于选，将伐楚。 于是申（今南阳市）、息（今河南息县）北门不启。 楚人谋徙于阪高。 蒍贾曰：‘不可。 我能往，寇亦能往，不如伐庸。夫麇与百濮谓我饿不能师，故伐我也，若我出师必惊而归。百濮离居将各走其邑，谁暇谋人’乃出师。 旬有五日，百濮乃罢。
随后楚庄王联合秦、巴灭庸，随后吞并麇国，迫使百濮部落臣服。
Zuo Zhuan · Duke Wen, Year 16 records (see Figure 10) that in 611 BCE, when the State of Yong led allied barbarians in rebellion against Chu, the State of Qun (present-day Yun County, Hubei) united with the Bai Pu and gathered at Xuan (present-day Zhijiang, Hubei) to attack Chu. The Chu forces, following the strategy of Meng Jia, withdrew strategically:
“The Yong people led allied barbarians to rebel against Chu. The Qun people led the Bai Pu and gathered at Xuan, intending to attack Chu. Therefore, the northern gates of Shen (present-day Nanyang) and Xi (present-day Xi County, Henan) were not opened. The Chu people planned to relocate to Ban Gao. Meng Jia said: ‘No. If I go, the invaders can also go; it is better to attack Yong. Qun and the Bai Pu believe we are hungry and incapable, hence they attack us. If we mobilize, they will panic and retreat. The Bai Pu, living separately, will return to their own settlements; who will have time to scheme against us?’ So the army marched out. After fifteen days, the Bai Pu gave up.”
Subsequently, King Zhuang of Chu allied with Qin and Ba to destroy Yong, annexed Qun, and forced the Bai Pu tribes to submit.
Figure 11 – Zuo Zhuan, Volume 48: “Duke Zhao, Year 19.”
《左传》昭公十九年记载（见图11），公元前523年楚平王“为舟师以伐濮”，旨在彻底巩固对南方濮地的统治。此时距楚君蚡冒开濮已逾两世纪。此时的“百濮”族群在北方强楚的压力下或已有部分向南迁徙以逼祸端。
秦统一六国结束春秋战国动乱后却又二世而亡，它的继承者汉朝除了全面接盘“大一统”的理念外，在边疆的战略上则更为激进。汉朝初期甚至放弃了凭借长城据守的理念，改为主动扩张与军事威慑为核心，通过多线作战、屯田实边、外交联盟等手段，以实力铸就无形长城来避免边患。
这段时期张骞两次出使，经略西域；北方则兵驱匈奴，迫其远遁漠北，实现“漠南无王庭”。
《史记》卷一百一十七中司马相如列传记载（图12），汉初在西南方向则通过武力及怀柔并重：“定筰存邛、略斯榆，举苞满”，将一部分濮人区域纳入了中原王朝的统治。
Zuo Zhuan, Duke Zhao, Year 19, records (see Figure 11) that in 523 BCE, King Ping of Chu “led a naval force to attack the Pu,” aiming to firmly consolidate Chu’s control over the southern Pu territories. By this time, more than two centuries had passed since King Fenmao of Chu first opened the Pu lands. Under the pressure of the powerful northern Chu state, parts of the Bai Pu population may have already migrated southward to escape conflict.
After Qin unified the six states, ending the turmoil of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, it fell within two generations. Its successor, the Han dynasty, not only fully inherited the concept of a “unified empire” but adopted a more aggressive frontier strategy. In the early Han period, the reliance on the Great Wall for defense was largely abandoned in favor of proactive expansion and military deterrence, using multi-front campaigns, frontier colonization (tuntian), and diplomatic alliances to create an “invisible Great Wall” that prevented border incursions.
During this period, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, while the Han forces pushed the Xiongnu northward, achieving a “southern desert free of enemy courts.”
According to Sima Xiangru’s biography in Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 117 (see Figure 12), in the southwestern frontier, the early Han dynasty combined military and conciliatory measures: “Pacified Zuozhuo and conquered Qiong; subjugated Siyi Yu; brought the Bao Man under control,” thereby incorporating part of the Pu territories into the central plains empire’s governance.
Figure 12 – Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 117: “Biography of Sima Xiangru.”
西汉元封二年（前109年），汉军联合巴蜀兵力武力征服了滇部落及其卫星部族：劳侵、靡莫（今曲靖），滇降服称臣后中原王朝设“益州郡”。在随后对滇西各部的征伐中，再置嶲唐（今云龙县西部至保山北部之地）、不韦（今保山县东部和东北部之地）、比苏（今泸水、云龙二县连接地带）、邪龙（今巍山、南涧、漾漏之地）、云南（今祥云、宾川之地）、叶榆（今大理、洱源之地）六县。此次武力征服后，中原王朝的管辖区域涵盖了更多的濮人区域。
In the 2nd year of the Yuanfeng era of the Western Han (109 BCE), Han forces, together with troops from Ba and Shu, militarily conquered the Dian tribes and their satellite groups, including Lao Qin and Mi Mo (present-day Qujing). After the Dian submitted and pledged allegiance, the central plains government established Yizhou Commandery.
Subsequently, in campaigns against the various western Dian groups, six additional counties were created: Sui Tang (from present-day western Yunlong County to northern Baoshan), Bu Wei (eastern and northeastern Baoshan), Bi Su (the area connecting present-day Lushui and Yunlong counties), Xie Long (Weishan, Nanjian, and Yanglou regions), Yunnan (Xiangyun and Binchuan), and Ye Yu (Dali and Eryuan).
Following this military conquest, the Han dynasty’s administration extended over a significantly larger portion of Pu-inhabited territories.
Figure 13 – Book of the Later Han, Volume 116: “Biographies of the Southwestern Barbarians.”
东汉永平十二年（69年），哀牢王率其势力范围内各部族归附中原王朝。《后汉书· 卷一百十六· 西南夷列传》中记载（图13）：“哀牢王柳貌遣子率种人、内属其称邑王者七十七人，户五万一千八百九十口，五十五万三千七百一十一人。西去洛阳七十里，显宗以其地置哀牢、博南二县，割益州郡西部都尉所领六县合为永昌郡，始通博南山，度澜沧水。”
后汉书所言永平十二年一同归附的“种人”即哀牢部族本部之人。而“内属”则指哀牢王势力范围内的卫星部族，涵盖甚广，其按部邑统计有77邑之多，在部族名称上却一笔带过，没有详述。
In the 12th year of the Yongping era of the Eastern Han (69 CE), King Ai Lao led the tribes under his rule to submit to the central plains dynasty. Book of the Later Han, Volume 116: Biographies of the Southwestern Barbarians (see Figure 13) records:
“King Ai Lao, Liu Mao, sent his sons to lead the common people and the seventy-seven local rulers who acknowledged his authority, totaling 51,890 households, or 553,711 people. Seventy li west of Luoyang, the Xianzong Emperor established the counties of Ai Lao and Bo Nan, combining six counties previously under the command of Yizhou Commandery’s western administration into Yongchang Commandery. This opened the Bo Nan Mountains and enabled crossing of the Lancang River.”
The “common people” (zhong ren) mentioned in the Book of the Later Han as submitting in the 12th year of Yongping refer specifically to the main body of the Ai Lao tribes. The term “those internally subordinate” (nei shu) denotes the satellite tribes within the Ai Lao king’s sphere of influence, which were extensive. Although the total number of settlements is recorded as 77, the text provides only a cursory mention of their tribal names, without further detail.
Figure 14 – Huayang Guozhi · Nan Zhong Zhi · Yongchang Commandery.
我们可以在《华阳国志· 南中志· 永昌郡》（图14）中找到关于哀牢王“内属”的记载：“其地东西三千里，南北四千六百里……有闽濮、鸠僚、僵越、裸濮、身毒之民 ……. ”汉初所设永昌郡包括了如今云南省的保山、怒江、德宏、大理等地州（见图15），其部族甚至已经涵盖了印度区域的族群（身毒）。至此濮人区域已经全部纳入中原王朝的版图。
We can find records of the Ai Lao king’s “internally subordinate” tribes in Huayang Guozhi · Nan Zhong Zhi · Yongchang Commandery (see Figure 14):
“The territory stretches 3,000 li from east to west and 4,600 li from north to south… inhabited by the Min Pu, Jiu Liao, Jiang Yue, Luo Pu, and Shendu peoples…”
The Yongchang Commandery established in the early Han period included present-day Baoshan, Nujiang, Dehong, Dali, and other areas of Yunnan Province (see Figure 15). Some of its tribes even encompassed peoples from the Indian region (Shendu). By this point, the entire Pu-inhabited region had been incorporated into the territorial administration of the central plains dynasty.
Figure 15 – Map of Yongchang Commandery during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
东汉建初元年（76年），永昌郡哀牢王类牢杀守令，并攻击嶲唐（今云龙县西部至保山北部之地），后被中原王朝联合永昌郡内的其他部族所镇压，传首洛阳（见图16）。
本次失败的后果在《后汉书》中同样没有详细叙述，但史学家普遍认为此次哀牢王的失败，或导致了包含濮人在内的叛乱者主动南迁，这或是濮人历史上首次大规模南迁，也或是“朴子蛮”分支展开独立分化的开端。
In the first year of the Jianchu era of the Eastern Han (76 CE), King Lei Lao of Yongchang Commandery’s Ai Lao tribe killed the local magistrate and attacked Sui Tang (the area from present-day western Yunlong County to northern Baoshan). He was subsequently suppressed by the central plains dynasty, which coordinated forces from other tribes within Yongchang Commandery, and his head was sent to Luoyang (see Figure 16).
Although the Book of the Later Han does not provide detailed consequences of this failure, historians generally believe that this defeat likely prompted the rebellious groups, including the Pu people, to migrate southward voluntarily. This may have been the first large-scale southward migration in Pu history and could mark the beginning of the independent differentiation of the “Puzi Man” branch.
Figure 16 – Book of the Later Han, Volume 116, Biography 76: “Southwestern Barbarians · Biography of Ai Lao.”
汉末群雄割据，刘备建立蜀汉欲逐鹿中原，刘备死后其作为“粮仓”的大后方“南中”发生叛乱。蜀汉建兴三年（225年）李恢会同诸葛亮南征得胜后将南中四郡（益州、越嶲、永昌、牂牁）调整为七郡，李恢作为庲降都督负责治理这一地区。七郡包括：
建宁郡（原益州郡，今云南昆明、曲靖一带）；
越嶲郡（今四川凉山州、攀枝花及云南丽江部分地区）；
永昌郡（今云南保山、德宏及缅甸北部）；
牂牁郡（今贵州西部及云南东部）；
云南郡（今云南大理、楚雄一带）；
兴古郡（今云南文山、红河及广西部分边境）；
朱提郡（今云南昭通及四川宜宾南部）。
至此，新的“南中七郡”便成为了蜀汉政权北伐的输血工具，李恢除了强迁地方豪强去成都定居以免他们势力在地方失控外，还征收“南中七郡”中叟、濮等族的耕牛、战马、金银、犀革等物资，充实蜀汉军需（见图17）。
During the late Han period, as regional warlords vied for power, Liu Bei established Shu Han in an effort to contest control of the Central Plains. After Liu Bei’s death, the “Southern Hinterlands” (Nan Zhong), which served as Shu Han’s granary, erupted in rebellion. In the third year of the Jianxing era (225 CE), Li Hui, in coordination with Zhuge Liang, led a successful southern campaign and reorganized the four southern commanderies—Yizhou, Yuexi, Yongchang, and Zangke—into seven commanderies. Li Hui was appointed Dudu of Bianjiang to govern this region.
The seven commanderies were:
- Jianning Commandery (originally Yizhou Commandery; present-day Kunming and Qujing, Yunnan)
- Yuexi Commandery (present-day Liangshan, Sichuan; Panzhihua; parts of Lijiang, Yunnan)
- Yongchang Commandery (present-day Baoshan, Dehong, Yunnan; northern Myanmar)
- Zangke Commandery (present-day western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan)
- Yunnan Commandery (present-day Dali and Chuxiong, Yunnan)
- Xinggu Commandery (present-day Wenshan, Honghe, and parts of Guangxi)
- Zhuti Commandery (present-day Zhaotong, Yunnan; southern Yibin, Sichuan)
This new “Seven Southern Commanderies” became a vital resource base for Shu Han’s northern campaigns. To prevent local elites from gaining too much power, Li Hui forcibly relocated influential families to Chengdu. He also requisitioned draft animals, warhorses, gold, silver, rhinoceros hides, and other materials from the tribes—including the Pu and the Sou—within the Seven Commanderies to support Shu Han’s military needs (see Figure 17).
Figure 17 – Records of the Three Kingdoms · Shu Records · Biography 13: Li Hui.
李恢除了在南中七郡不断为蜀汉“造血”外，同时通过强制迁徙来分化及制约南中各势力。《华阳国志 ·南中志·永昌郡》记载南中多叛乱（见图18）：“丞相亮（诸葛亮）南征……以凯（吕凯）为云南（郡）太守，伉（王伉）为永昌太守，皆封亭侯，李恢迁濮民数千落于云南、建宁（今滇池地区）界，以实二郡。”这或是三国时期蜀汉政权强制迁徙永昌各部的一次典型写照。
In addition to continuously supplying resources for Shu Han from the Seven Southern Commanderies, Li Hui also used forced relocations to divide and restrain local powers in the Nan Zhong region. Huayang Guozhi · Nan Zhong Zhi · Yongchang Commandery records frequent rebellions in Nan Zhong (see Figure 18):
“Chancellor Zhuge Liang led the southern campaign… appointed Lü Kai as Administrator of Yunnan Commandery and Wang Kang as Administrator of Yongchang Commandery, both enfeoffed as Tinghou. Li Hui relocated several thousand Pu people to the borders of Yunnan and Jianning (present-day Dianchi area) to populate the two commanderies.”
This passage provides a typical example of Shu Han’s forced relocations of Yongchang tribes during the Three Kingdoms period.
Figure 18 – Huayang Guozhi · Nan Zhong Zhi · Yongchang Commandery.
公元299年西晋惠帝末年，永昌再乱，《华阳国志 ·南中志·永昌郡》又载（图18）：“元康末 …… 南夷作乱，闽濮反，乃南移永寿，去故郡千里，遂与外隔绝。”平乱之后，永昌的濮人一部分被强制向南迁徙至永寿（今凤庆、镇康，临沧一带）。
《华阳国志》中称此去永昌“千里之外”，山川地理的阻隔推进了濮人的进一步分化。约至唐代后濮人已分化成两个鲜明分支：“朴子蛮”和“望蛮”。
《蛮书》中有载“朴子蛮”作为布朗族先民，此时已从永昌郡迁移扩展至开南（今思茅地区和临沧地区东部）、银生（今西双版纳州及境外的部分地方）、永昌（今保山地区、德宏州东部和临沧地区西部）、寻传（今澜沧江西岸的云龙县往西经德宏州西部至缅甸克钦邦一带地区）和铁桥西北（今中甸、丽江一带地区）等地区，见图4 。
In 299 CE, during the final years of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin, Yongchang erupted in rebellion again. Huayang Guozhi · Nan Zhong Zhi · Yongchang Commandery records (see Figure 18):
“At the end of Yuankang… the southern barbarians rebelled, and the Min Pu revolted. They then moved south to Yongshou, leaving their old commandery by a thousand li, becoming isolated from the outside.”
After the rebellion was suppressed, part of the Pu population in Yongchang was forcibly relocated southward to Yongshou (present-day Fengqing, Zhenkang, and Lincang areas).
The text notes that this move placed them “a thousand li away” from Yongchang. The geographic barriers of mountains and rivers further promoted the Pu people’s differentiation. By roughly the Tang dynasty, the Pu had divided into two distinct branches: the “Puzi Man” and the “Wang Man.”
According to the Book of the Southern Barbarians, the “Puzi Man,” ancestors of the Blang people, had by this time migrated from Yongchang Commandery to regions including: Ka Nan (present-day Simao and eastern Lincang), Yinsheng (present-day Xishuangbanna and neighboring areas), Yongchang (present-day Baoshan, eastern Dehong, and western Lincang), Xunchuan (along the west bank of the Lancang River from Yunlong County westward through western Dehong into northern Kachin State, Myanmar), and northwest of Tieqiao (present-day Zhongdian, Lijiang) (see Figure 4).
Figure 19 – History of Yuan, Volume 61.
明元时期的布朗族先民（朴人）则因为战乱再次发生较大规模的迁徙，《元史 · 卷六十一》记载（图19），傣族先民“金齿白夷”的崛起迫使位于“开南洲”和“威远州”的朴人（布朗族先民）再次被迫迁移至威楚：“开南府 …… 其川分十二甸，昔朴、和泥（哈尼族先民）二蛮所居也 …… 至蒙氏（南诏）兴，立银生府，后为金齿白夷所陷，移府治于威楚，开南遂为生蛮所据。”有云：“威远州 …… 其川有六，昔朴、和泥二蛮所居，至蒙氏兴，开威楚为郡，而州境始通，其后金齿白夷蛮酋阿只步等夺其地。”
明代正德《云南志》卷八顺宁府（今临沧市大部分区域）中记载（图20）：“境内多蒲蛮，形恶体黑。男子椎髻跣足，妇女绢髻于脑后，见人无礼拜，但屈膝而已，不知节序，亦不奉佛，惟信巫鬼，其性很毒，勇悍、好斗、轻生，兵不离身。”
During the Ming and Yuan periods, the Bulang ancestors (referred to as the Pu people) experienced large-scale migrations again due to warfare. History of Yuan, Volume 61 (see Figure 19), records that the rise of the Dai ancestors, the “Jinchi Bai Yi,” forced the Pu people residing in Ka Nan Zhou and Weiyuan Zhou to relocate to Weichu:
“Ka Nan Prefecture… its valleys were divided into twelve dian, formerly inhabited by the Pu and He Ni (Hani ancestors) barbarians… With the rise of the Meng family (Nanzhao) and the establishment of Yinsheng Prefecture, later seized by the Jinchi Bai Yi, the prefectural seat was moved to Weichu, and Ka Nan came under the control of the Sheng barbarians.
…Weiyuan Zhou… its six valleys were formerly inhabited by the Pu and He Ni barbarians. With the rise of the Meng family, Ka Weichu was established as a prefecture, and the Zhou territory became accessible. Later, the Jinchi Bai Yi chiefs, such as A Zhi Bu, seized the land.”
In the Ming dynasty, the Zhengde Yunnan Zhi, Volume 8: Shunningning Prefecture (covering most of present-day Lincang City) records (see Figure 20):
“Within the territory, there are many Pu Man, of dark complexion and harsh appearance. Men wear topknots and go barefoot, women tie silk knots at the back of the head. They show no obeisance to outsiders, only bending their knees. They do not follow proper ritual order, nor do they venerate Buddha, only believing in shamans and spirits. Their temperament is fierce, brave, quarrelsome, and reckless; weapons are never far from their bodies.”
Figure 20 – Yunnan Zhi, Volume 8: Shunningning Prefecture.
同书《云南志》卷十四大侯州（今云县及周边）记载（图21）：“……蒲蛮俗与顺宁同。”
Figure 21 – Yunnan Zhi, Volume 14: Dahouzhou (present-day Yun County and surrounding areas): “…The customs of the Pu Man are the same as those of Shunning.”
Figure 21 – Yunnan Zhi, Volume 14: Dahouzhou.
清代康熙《永昌府志》卷二十四“种人”载（图22）：“蒲人，即古百濮。……本在永昌西南徼外，讹濮为蒲。有因以其名其地者，若蒲缥，蒲甘之类是也……男裹青红布于头，腰系青绿小绦绳，多为贵，贱者则无。衣，花套长衣，膝下系黑藤。妇人挽髻脑后，戴青绿珠，以花衣围腰为裙，上系海贝十数围，系莎罗布于肩上。永昌风溪、施甸及十五喧二十八寨皆其种。勤耕种，徒跣登山，疾逾飞鸟，今渐弱而贫。有流入新兴、禄丰、阿迷、镇南与景东、蒙自、开化十八寨者，其形质妆束各殊 – 云南通志。”
“The Pu people are the ancient Bai Pu… originally lived southwest beyond Yongchang, the character ‘Pu’ being a corruption of ‘Pu’. Some places were named after them, such as Pu Piao and Pu Gan… Men wrap blue and red cloth on their heads, tie a small green or blue sash at the waist; the wealthy wear them, the poor do not. Clothing consists of patterned long robes with black vine ties below the knees. Women wear hair knots at the back of the head, green and blue beads, floral clothing around the waist as a skirt, multiple strings of cowries on top, and shawls of Shalu cloth over the shoulders. In Yongchang’s Fengxi, Shidian, and fifteen Xuan and twenty-eight Zhai villages, these are their people. They diligently farm, go barefoot up mountains, and are as swift as birds; now gradually weakened and impoverished. Some migrated to Xinxing, Lufeng, Ami, Zhen’nan, and eighteen villages in Jingdong, Mengzi, and Kaihua, with their appearance and dress varying accordingly.” – Yunnan Tongzhi
清代雍正《顺宁府志》卷九载（图23）：“蒲蛮 – 通志载：在顺宁者一号“普蛮”又曰“朴子蛮”即古“濮人”也 …… 按《郡志余抄》谓：男女色黑……穿麻布衣，女子用青布裹头，戴篷帽，耳带大银环或铜圈。方音味瞩，不解汉语。……无祝寿礼，彼云记死不记生，故问之白发，年岁率多不知，惟记忆某年见某事，……则他人可得而逆数之矣。恒居，刀耕火种，好渔猎，住山寨茅屋中。”
Figure 23 – Shunningning Fuzhi, Volume 9 (Yongzheng era): “Pu Man – The Tongzhi records: Those in Shunning are called ‘Pu Man,’ also known as ‘Puzi Man,’ the ancient ‘Pu people’… According to Jun Zhi Yu Chao, men and women have dark skin… wear hemp clothing; women wrap their heads in blue cloth, wear conical hats, and earrings of large silver or copper rings. Their local language is distinct and unintelligible in Chinese… No birthday rituals; they record deaths but not births, so when asked about age, most do not know, only remembering a year when a certain event occurred… others can deduce their age in reverse. They live permanently in mountain villages with thatched houses, practice slash-and-burn agriculture, and enjoy fishing and hunting.”
Figure 23 – Shunningning Fuzhi, Volume 9.
清代道光《普洱府志》卷十八载（图24）：“蒲蛮 – 又名蒲人，宁洱（今普洱）、思茅（包括西双版纳）、威远（今景谷）有之。古称百濮……男穿青蓝布短衣裤，女穿麻布短衣，蓝布桶裙，腰挚布带，以水蚌壳钉其上，名为海巴（bo，左贝右巴）。散处山林，居有定址，若易置他处，即不能居。常耕种为业，剥蕉心煮食以当菜蔬。”
“Pu Man – Also called Pu people, present in Ning’er (modern Pu’er), Simao (including Xishuangbanna), and Weiyuan (modern Jinggu). Formerly called Bai Pu… Men wear short blue or indigo cloth shirts and trousers; women wear short hemp shirts, blue cloth tube skirts, with cloth belts at the waist, decorated with freshwater clam shells called haiba (bo, left shell, right ba). They live scattered in the mountains and forests, with fixed settlements; if moved elsewhere, they cannot dwell. Farming is their usual occupation, and they cook banana hearts as a vegetable substitute.”
Figure 24 – Pu’er Fuzhi, Volume 18.
清光绪《续云南通志稿》卷一百六十，南蛮志“种人”篇记载：“蒲人即蒲蛮，相传为百濮、苗裔，宋以前不通中国 …… 今順甯、澂江、鎮沉、普洱、楚雄、景東、永昌等七府有此种 …… 婚，令女择配。葬，用沙罗布裹尸而焚之。傍水居，能浮渡。”
又云：
“在蒙自及开化十八寨皆号：野蒲桀骜胜诸夷。”
“在景东者：湻樸（字同淳，音chún），务农。”
“在顺甯沿澜沧江居者号：普蛮，亦曰朴子蛮，性悍恶，专为盗贼，不鞍而骑，善鎗弩 …… ”
“蒲蛮，性多疑，貌黑而寝（丑）。音类乌，通汉语，知礼让。耕山，善泗，食蕉心如蔬。楚雄府有之。”
In Xu Yunnan Tongzhi Gao, Volume 160, Nanman Zhi, section “Zhongren” (Southern Barbarians – Recorded People), the text records:
“The Pu people, also called Pu Man, are traditionally descended from the Bai Pu and Miao. Before the Song dynasty, they were not in contact with China… Today they are present in seven prefectures: Shunning, Chengjiang, Zhenchen, Pu’er, Chuxiong, Jingdong, and Yongchang. Regarding marriage, women choose their partners. For burial, the body is wrapped in Shaluo cloth and cremated. They live near water and can float across rivers.”
Additionally:
- “In Mengzi and eighteen villages of Kaihua, they are called wild Pu, fierce and superior to other barbarians.”
- “In Jingdong: Zhun Pu (character same as ‘chun’, pronounced chún), farming diligently.”
- “Along the Lancang River in Shunning: called Pu Man, also Puzu Man; aggressive and vicious, primarily thieves; ride without saddles; skilled with crossbows and spears…”
- “Pu Man are suspicious by nature, dark-skinned and unattractive. Their language resembles Wu, but they understand Chinese and know etiquette. They farm mountains, are skilled in fishing, and eat banana hearts as vegetables. Present in Chuxiong Prefecture.”
Figure 25 – Xu Yunnan Tongzhi Gao, Volume 160: Nanman Zhi · “Zhongren” (Recorded People).
从夏商文献梳理到清代，布朗族先民的分布在清代已经基本定型于现在的区域。无非是清代至今另有一部分蒲人分化成德昂族；另一部分濮人则在与彝族、傣族、哈尼族、基诺族等民族混居时逐渐与其它民族相融合。
From the Xia and Shang period records through the Qing dynasty, the territorial distribution of the Bulang ancestors had largely stabilized into the regions we recognize today. During this period, some of the Pu people gradually differentiated into the De’ang ethnic group, while other Pu groups, living in mixed communities with Yi, Dai, Hani, and Jino peoples, gradually assimilated with these neighboring ethnicities.
Figure 26 – Dian Lue, Volume 9: Bo Yi.
值得注意的是，布朗族如今生活在汉文化、傣文化兴盛的区域，他们的一些“旧习俗”正在消失，“新习俗”形成。但是具有较长时间稳定性和传承性的“风俗”并不易随社会变迁而迅速改变。
布朗族群的内部仍然存在着某些鲜明的分支，它们的区别主要体现在部分“风俗”上面，比如目前唯一具有千年历史且是唯一单一布朗族村寨的章朗村，这个村寨的风俗表现更符合明代《滇略》（图26）中对“大伯夷”族群的描述 – – 这个与蒲蛮、朴子蛮大不同的分支，如今或已经被并入统一化的“布朗族群”中：“大伯夷在陇川以西，男子剪发纹身，妇人跣足染齿，以色布裹其首，饮食简而颇精，居喜近水 …….”
It is noteworthy that the Bulang people today live in regions dominated by Han and Dai cultures, and some of their “old customs” are gradually disappearing while “new customs” are forming. However, deeply rooted and long-standing “folk traditions” do not easily change with social transformations.
Within the Blang community, certain distinct subgroups still exist, differentiated primarily by particular “customs.” For example, Zhanglang Village—the only single Blang village with a continuous history of over a thousand years—retains customs that closely match the description of the Da Bo Yi people in the Ming dynasty text Dian Lue (Figure 26). This subgroup, markedly different from the Pu Man and Puzi Man, may today have been incorporated into the unified Bulang community:
“The Da Bo Yi lived west of Longchuan; men cut their hair and tattooed themselves, women went barefoot and dyed their teeth, wrapping their heads in colored cloth. Their diet was simple yet refined, and they preferred to live near water…”