{"id":89,"date":"2025-11-19T15:32:09","date_gmt":"2025-11-19T07:32:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/?page_id=89"},"modified":"2025-11-20T10:20:32","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T02:20:32","slug":"%e8%af%ad%e8%a8%80%e4%b8%8e%e6%96%87%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/?page_id=89","title":{"rendered":"\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u6587\u5b66\u00a0Language and Literature"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u6587\u5b57characters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u521b\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u6c11\u95f4\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u8bf4\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u521d\u5929\u795e\u6851\u6728\u6c10\u6559\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u8bc6\u5b57\uff0c\u6c49\u65cf\u9a91\u9a6c\u3001\u50a3\u65cf\u9a91\u8c61\u6309\u65f6\u8d76\u5230\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u6b65\u884c\u672a\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u8d76\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u5230\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u201d\u635e\u667a\u6167\u201d\u7684\u4f20\u8bf4\u5219\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\uff1a\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5fc3\u6025\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u635e\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u9762\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u800c\u50a3\u65cf\u3001\u6c49\u65cf\u6700\u540e\u635e\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u667a\u6167\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Bulang people did not historically create their own written language, and among the folk there are various explanations for this phenomenon. One legend tells that when the heavenly deity Sangmudi (\u795e\u6851\u6728\u6c10) taught different peoples to read and write, the Han arrived on horseback and the Dai on elephants, thus learning the language on time. On the other hand, the Bulang, who traveled on foot, failed to arrive in time and therefore did not learn any language. Another tale, known as the \u201cscooping wisdom\u201d legend, explains that the Bulang, being impatient, were the first to scoop up wisdom but only obtained its surface layer, whereas the Dai and Han, who scooped last, gained a deeper, more profound wisdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5bf9\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u548c\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u627f\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u523b\u6728\u8bb0\u4e8b\u3001\u7ed3\u7ef3\u8bb0\u4e8b\u7b49\u539f\u59cb\u8bb0\u4e8b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bb0\u5f55\u503a\u52a1\u3001\u7ea6\u5b9a\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regardless of their historical authenticity, these legends reflect the Bulang people\u2019s longing for written language and the extent to which they value cultural inheritance. In the absence of written language, the Bulang developed primitive methods to keep their records, such as carving notches on wood and tying knots on ropes, which were used to record debts, agreements, and other important information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u968f\u7740\u5357\u4f20\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5f00\u59cb\u501f\u7528\u50a3\u6587\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e66\u5199\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u897f\u53cc\u7248\u7eb3\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u4f7f\u7528”\u591a\u5854”\uff08\u897f\u53cc\u7248\u7eb3\u50a3\u6587\uff09\u8bb0\u5f55\u4f5b\u7ecf\u548c\u6c11\u95f4\u4e8b\u52a1\uff1b\u5728\u4e34\u6ca7\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u7528”\u591a\u5217”\uff08\u5fb7\u5b8f\u50a3\u6587\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e66\u5199\u3002\u50a3\u6587\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
  1. 宗教领域：用于抄写佛经、记录宗教仪式。<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. 历史记载：记录村寨大事、家族谱系，如图1。<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. 文学创作：创作诗歌、故事等文学作品。<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. 日常通信：用于书信往来、契约文书等。<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    With the introduction of Theravada Buddhism, the Bulang people began to adopt the Dai language as their writing system. In the Xishuangbanna region, the Bulang used Dota<\/em> (Xishuangbanna Dai language) to record Buddhist scriptures and community affairs, while in the Lincang region they used Dolie<\/em> (Dehong Dai language) for writing. The use of the Dai language was mainly found in the following areas:<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
    • \nReligious domain<\/strong>: copying Buddhist scriptures and recording religious rituals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \nHistorical records<\/strong>: documenting major village events and family genealogies (see Fig. 1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \nLiterary creation<\/strong>: composing poetry, stories, and other literary works.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \nDaily communication<\/strong>: writing letters, contracts, and other documents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u4e2d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5eb7\u6717\u201d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u719f\u6089\u50a3\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u5eb7\u6717\u201d\u662f\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7537\u5b50\u5165\u5bfa\u5e99\u51fa\u5bb6\u4fee\u884c\u5347\u4efb\u201c\u5927\u4f5b\u7237\u201d\u540e\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u4fd7\u540e\u7684\u59d3\u6c0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d3\u6c0f\u4e3a\u540e\u4ee3\u6240\u7ee7\u627f\uff08\u5176\u5b83\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7537\u5b50\u5747\u59d3\u201c\u5ca9\u201d\u6216\u201c\u827e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u54ce\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6c49\u8bed\u5199\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u4e2d\u4ee5\u201c\u5eb7\u6717\u201d\u4e3a\u59d3\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u591a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u50a3\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      On the surface, it appears that the intellectuals among the Bulang, known as Kanglang<\/em>, were familiar with the Dai language. In reality, however, Kanglang<\/em> is a surname adopted by Bulang men who, after entering the monastery, being ordained, and rising to the rank of \u201cGreat Abbot,\u201d later returned to secular life. This surname was then passed down to their descendants. (Other Bulang men generally bore the surnames \u201cY\u00e1n\u201d or \u201c\u00e1i\u201d or \u201cai\u201d\u2014different Chinese characters used to represent the same pronunciation.) As a result, in most cases, Bulang men with the surname Kanglang<\/em> were more likely to be literate in Dai language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Those who mastered the Dai language played an important role in the transmission of Bulang culture. It is worth noting that when the Bulang used the Dai script, they often adapted it according to the phonological features of the Bulang language, thus forming a distinctive tradition of language usage. As shown in Fig. 2, the respected Kanglang Kanlong inherited the family surname passed down from an ancestor who had returned to secular life after serving as a \u201cGreat Abbot.\u201d He himself also entered the monastery and rose to the rank of \u201cLesser Abbot.\u201d Today, he is recognized as the most authoritative Azhang<\/em> (the ritual leader responsible for major sacrificial ceremonies) among the three Bulang villages of Zhanglang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u968f\u7740\u4e0e\u6c49\u65cf\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u52a0\u6df1\uff0c\u6c49\u6587\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u9760\u8fd1\u5185\u5730\u7684\u4fdd\u5c71\u3001\u65bd\u7538\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u4f7f\u7528\u6c49\u6587\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6c49\u6587\u5728\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5730\u533a\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u9ad8\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      With the deepening of interactions with the Han people, Chinese characters were gradually adopted and used by the Bulang. In areas closer to the inland, such as Baoshan and Shidian, the use of Chinese by the Bulang can be traced back to the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Since modern times, the spread of Chinese in Bulang regions has steadily increased, particularly in the following areas:<\/p>\n\n\n

        \n
      1. 学校教育：20世纪50年代后，布朗族地区普遍建立了学校，采用汉文教学。<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. 行政文书：政府公文、法律法规等都使用汉文。<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. 现代传媒：电视、广播、手机等现代媒体主要使用汉语汉文。<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n
          \n
        • \nSchool education<\/strong>: After the 1950s, schools were widely established in Bulang areas, and teaching was conducted in Chinese.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \nAdministrative documents<\/strong>: Government paperwork, laws, and regulations were all written in Chinese.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \nModern media<\/strong>: Television, radio, mobile phones, and other modern forms of communication primarily use the Chinese language.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          \u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u6c49\u6587\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5171\u540c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          At present, Chinese has become the common language used by the vast majority of the Bulang people, playing an irreplaceable role in politics, economy, education, and other fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u8bed\u8a00language<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          \u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5357\u4e9a\u8bed\u7cfb\u5b5f\u9ad8\u68c9\u8bed\u65cf\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u652f\uff0c\u4e0e\u540c\u8bed\u65cf\u7684\u4f64\u8bed\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u8bed\u3001\u514b\u6728\u8bed\u7b49\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u4eb2\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u4e0e\u4f64\u8bed\u7684\u540c\u6e90\u8bcd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fbe\u523043%-47%\uff0c\u5728\u8bed\u6cd5\u7ed3\u6784\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u4e0e\u4f64\u65cf\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u65cf\u7b49\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u65cf\u6e90\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The Bulang language belongs to the Austroasiatic family, the Mon\u2013Khmer branch, Bulang subgroup, and is closely related to other languages of the same branch, such as Wa, De\u2019ang, and Khmu. According to linguistic research, Bulang and Wa language share 43%\u201347% of cognates, and their grammatical structures also exhibit a high degree of similarity. This linguistic kinship reflects the historical connections in ethnic origins between the Bulang, Wa, De\u2019ang, and related groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u5357\u4e9a\u8bed\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u5e03\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u8bed\u79cd\u7e41\u591a\u7684\u8bed\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5357\u4e9a\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u9664\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4f64\u65cf\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u65cf\u7b49\u3002\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5357\u4e9a\u8bed\u7cfb\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u8f85\u97f3\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u97f5\u6bcd\u7ed3\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4fee\u9970\u8bed\u5e8f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The Austroasiatic language family is widely distributed and includes a large number of languages, mainly spoken in Southeast Asia and Southwest China. Within China, the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples include not only the Bulang but also the Wa, De\u2019ang, and others. As an important representative of this family, the Bulang language preserves many of the typical features of Austroasiatic languages, such as a rich consonant system, complex rhyme structures, and distinctive modifier\u2013noun word order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u81ea\u79f0\u548c\u4ed6\u79f0\u3002\u897f\u53cc\u7248\u7eb3\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u81ea\u79f0\u201d\u5e03\u6717”\uff0c\u4e34\u6ca7\u5730\u533a\u7684\u81ea\u79f0”\u963f\u5c14\u4f64”\u6216”\u963f\u74e6”\uff0c\u4fdd\u5c71\u5730\u533a\u7684\u81ea\u79f0”\u4e4c”\u6216”\u672c\u4eba”\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u5143\u7684\u65cf\u79f0\u73b0\u8c61\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u4e0e\u5206\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          It is worth noting that the Bulang people use different autonyms and exonyms in different regions. In Xishuangbanna, they call themselves B<\/em>u<\/em>lang<\/em>; in Lincang, they use A<\/em>\u2019<\/em>ewa<\/em> or Awa<\/em>; and in Baoshan, they use Wu<\/em> or Benren<\/em> (\u201courselves\u201d). This diversity of ethnonyms reflects the processes of migration and differentiation experienced by the Bulang throughout their long history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          \u7531\u683c\u6851\u987f\u73e0\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u4e91\u5357\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u5927\u89c2\u4e1b\u4e66 – \u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u5927\u89c2\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u6709\u6781\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u201cThe Grand View of Yunnan Ethnic Culture Series – Grand View of Bulang Ethnic Culture\u201d edited by Gesang Dunzhu provides an extremely detailed account of the Bulang language:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u201c\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u5c5e\u5357\u4e9a\u8bed\u7cfb\u5b5f\u9ad8\u68c9\u8bed\u65cf\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u652f\u3002\u4e0e\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u540c\u5c5e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u65cf\u7684\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u8fd8\u6709\u504f\u8bed\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u8bed\u3001\u514b\u6728\u8bdd\u3001\u846c\u8bdd\u3001\u6237\u8bdd\u7b49\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u65cf\u6e90\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u4e0e\u4f46\u8bed\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u8bed\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u4eb2\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5176\u8bed\u6cd5\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u504f\u8bed\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u8bed\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6c47\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u7740\u5bf9\u5e94\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          “The Bulang language belongs to the Bulang branch of the Mon-Khmer language family within the Austroasiatic language group. Other languages in China that belong to the same language family include Wa, De’ang, Kemu, Zang, and Hu. Due to their shared linguistic origins, the Bulang language has a kinship relationship with the Wa and De’ang languages. Not only does its grammatical structure largely align with that of Wa and De’ang, but some vocabulary is also partially identical or follows corresponding patterns.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u56fd\u5185\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u66fe\u9009\u7528\u52d8\u6d77\u53bf\u5df4\u8fbe\u3001\u897f\u5b9a\u4e24\u4e61\u7684309\u4e2a\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e0e\u897f\u76df\u53bf\u9a6c\u6563\u4f46\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6709134\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u5c5e\u540c\u6e90\u8bcd\uff0c\u5360\u6bd4\u8f83\u6570\u768443.4%,\u540c\u6e90\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u670921\u4e2a\uff0c\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684101\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76f8\u540c\u4f46\u9644\u52a0\u6210\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u670934\u4e2a\u3002\u540e\u53c8\u9009\u7528\u52ab\u6d77\u897f\u5b9a\u4e61\u7684343\u4e2a\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u8bed\u6c47\u4e0e\u6ca7\u6e90\u4f46\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6709164\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u5c5e\u540c\u6e90\u8bcd\uff0c\u5360\u6bd4\u8f83\u6570\u768447.8%,\u540c\u6e90\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u670934\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c118\u4e2a\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c12\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5206\u76f8\u540c\u4f46\u9644\u52a0\u6210\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Chinese linguists once conducted a comparative analysis of 309 Bulang vocabulary items from Bada and Xiding townships in Menghai County with the Wa language of Masan in Ximeng County. The results showed that 134 words were cognates, accounting for 43.4% of the total. Among these cognates, 21 were identical, 101 followed corresponding phonetic patterns, and 34 had the same root but differed in affixes. Later, another comparison was made between 343 Bulang vocabulary items from Xiding Township in Menghai and the Wa language of Cangyuan, revealing 164 cognates, or 47.8% of the total. Among these, 34 were identical, 118 followed phonetic patterns, and 12 shared the same root but differed in affixes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u8bed\u65cf\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u97f5\u6bcd\u6bd4\u58f0\u6bcd\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u800c\u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u6709\u5341\u4e2a\u8f85\u97f3\u97f5\u5c3e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8f83\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Like other languages in the same family, the Bulang language is phonetically complex. Generally speaking, its vowels are more intricate than its consonants, and Bulang has ten consonant endings, the most common of which are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          \u800c\u5404\u5730\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          However, what is not completely consistent in different regions or has corresponding changes is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

          \u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u5404\u65b9\u8a00\u90fd\u6709\u58f0\u8c03\u3002\u8bcd\u6c47\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5355\u97f3\u8282\u8bcd\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u591a\u97f3\u8282\u8bcd\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u8bcd\u6839\u4e0e\u8bcd\u7f00\u4e24\u90e8\u5206,\u8bcd\u7f00\u6709\u6784\u8bcd\u4e0e\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4fee\u9970\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u4fee\u9970\u8bcd\u5728
          \u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u8bcd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u4fee\u9970\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u4fee\u9970\u8bcd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e24\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u52a0\u6df1\u8bed\u6c14\u3002\u8bed\u5e8f\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8bed\u2014\u2014\u8c13\u8bed\u2014\u2014\u5bbe\u8bed\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The Bulang language exhibits tonal variations across its dialects. In terms of vocabulary, monosyllabic words dominate, while polysyllabic words can be divided into roots and affixes, with affixes serving both derivational and grammatical functions. Grammatically, the typical modifier-head order places modifiers after the modified nouns, though a minority of modifiers may precede the head or co-occur in both positions for emphatic purposes. The basic word order follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u5e03\u6717\u8bed\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u3001\u8bcd\u6c47\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u65b9\u8a00\u6b63\u5728\u66f4\u65b0\u4e2d\u2026\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and dialects of the Bulang language are currently being updated…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          \u6587\u5b57characters \u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u521b\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u6c11\u95f4\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u4f20\u8bf4\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u521d\u5929\u795e\u6851\u6728\u6c10 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-89","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/89","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=89"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/89\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":160,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/89\/revisions\/160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=89"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}