{"id":34,"date":"2025-11-17T18:41:24","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T10:41:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/?page_id=34"},"modified":"2025-11-20T10:14:04","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T02:14:04","slug":"%e4%ba%8c%e7%ba%a7%e9%a1%b5%e9%9d%a2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/?page_id=34","title":{"rendered":"\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u8d77\u6e90History and Origin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u8d77\u6e90 History and Origin<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5e03\u6717\u4eba\u7684\u8109\u640f\uff1a\u6fee\u4eba\u9057\u98ce<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8840\u8109\u5c31\u50cf\u6f9c\u6ca7\u6c5f\u7684\u6c34\u5728\u6a2a\u65ad\u5c71\u8109\u7684\u8936\u76b1\u91cc\u5954\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc1\u5f99\u5230\u201c\u5927\u4e2d\u5357\u534a\u5c9b\u201d\u533a\u57df\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u65e9\u5728\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u524d\u4fbf\u5df2\u957f\u671f\u751f\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u201d\u533a\u57df\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8303\u56f4\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u7ea6127,345\u4eba\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u7f05\u7538\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u7ea615,000\u4eba\uff1b\u518d\u6b21\u662f\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u7ea61,400\u4eba\uff0c\u5408\u8ba1143,745\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bloodline of the Bulang people flows like the waters of the Lancang River, surging endlessly through the folds of the Hengduan Mountains. Long before they migrated to the \u201cGreater Indochina Peninsula\u201d region, this ethnic group had already lived in the \u201cEast Asian\u201d area for a long time\u2014even before the emergence of \u201cChinese writing.\u201d Today, the Bulang population is mainly concentrated in China, numbering about 127,345 people; followed by northern Myanmar, with around 15,000 people; and then Thailand, with about 1,400 people, making a total of approximately 143,745 individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1 \u2013 The Lost Book of Zhou<\/em> (Yi Zhou Shu), Volume 7, Explanation of the Royal Assemblies<\/em> (Wang Hui Jie) Chapter 59, \u201cYi Yin\u2019s Court Offering,\u201d Book of Shang<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7fa4\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u65e9\u660e\u786e\u89c1\u8457\u4e8e\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u59cb\u4e8e\u300a\u9038\u5468\u4e66\u300b\u6240\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u5546\u5468\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u524d1600\uff5e\u524d256\u5e74\uff09\u7684\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u65cf\u7fa4\uff08\u56fe1\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5b5f\u9ad8\u68c9\u8bed\u65cf\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u652f\u7cfb\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u5c39\u671d\u732e \u00b7\u5546\u4e66 \u2026\u2026 \u767e\u6fee\u3001\u4e5d\u83cc\uff08\u516d\u8005\u5357\u86ee\u4e4b\u522b\u540d\uff09\u201d\u300a\u9038\u5468\u4e66\u300b\u738b\u4f1a\u89e3\u4e2d\u53c8\u8bb0\uff08\u56fe2\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u535c\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e39\u7802\uff08\u535c\u4eba\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u4e4b\u86ee\uff0c\u4e39\u6c99\u6240\u51fa\uff0c\u535c\u5373\u6fee\u4e5f\uff0c\u6c99\u4eca\u505a\u7802\u3002\uff09\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The earliest known written record of the Bulang people can be traced back to the \u201cBai Pu\u201d (Hundred Pu) tribes mentioned in the Lost Book of Zhou<\/em> (Yi Zhou Shu<\/em>), dating from the Shang and Zhou dynasties (1600\u2013256 BCE) (see Figure 1). They were an ancient branch of the Mon-Khmer language family. The Yi Yin<\/em>\u2019<\/em>s Court Offering <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Book of Shang<\/em> records: \u201c… the Bai Pu and Jiu Jun (six alternative names for the southern barbarians).\u201d Furthermore, in the Explanation of the Royal Assemblies<\/em> section of the Lost Book of Zhou<\/em> (see Figure 2), it is written: \u201cThe diviners use cinnabar (the diviners were southwestern tribes where cinnabar was produced; \u2018Bo\u2019 refers to \u2018Pu,\u2019 and \u2018sha\u2019 is the modern \u2018sand\u2019).\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2 \u2013 The Lost Book of Zhou<\/em> (Yi Zhou Shu<\/em>), Volume 7, Explanation of the Royal Assemblies<\/em> Chapter 59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u4e66\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8fdb\u8d21\u4e39\u7802\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u65cf\u7fa4\u81f3\u4eca\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u591a\u662f\u50a3\u6587\u548c\u6c49\u6587\u5e76\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u6cf0\u56fd\u548c\u7f05\u7538\u533a\u57df\u5219\u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u6cf0\u6587\u548c\u7f05\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u767e\u6837\u7684\u6fee\u4eba\u201d\u4e4b\u7edf\u79f0\uff0c\u662f\u5546\u5468\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u539f\u653f\u6743\u201c\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bf8\u65b9\u7686\u5937\u201d\u5fc3\u6001\u4e0b\u7ed9\u5357\u90e8\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u65cf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u539f\u4e66\u8bb0\u8005\u7ed9\u767e\u6fee\u5148\u6c11\u5206\u652f\u51a0\u4ee5\u4e86\u201c\u6700\u76f4\u89c2\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\uff1a\u201c\u82de\u6ee1\u201d\u201c\u6587\u9762\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u8d64\u53e3\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u6728\u68c9\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u95fd\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u8eb6\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u5c3e\u6fee\u201d\u201c\u9ed1\u7228\u6fee\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u6fee\u201d\u5b57\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u53f2\u4e66\u4e0a\u7528\u4e8e\u79f0\u547c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u53f2\u4e66\u4e2d\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u666e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u535c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6734\u201d\u3001\u201c\u84b2\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4f17\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5546\u4ee3\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u201c\u50d5\u201d\u4e5f\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u97f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5199\u6cd5\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u968b\u5510\u81f3\u5b8b\u65f6\u671f\uff08581\uff5e1279\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6fee\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5206\u5316\u5e76\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u6211\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u5b5f\u9ad8\u68c9\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0b\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u3001\u4f64\u65cf\u3001\u5fb7\u6602\u65cf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u89c1\u56fe3 \u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u6e90\u6d41\u6f14\u8fdb\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term \u201cBai Pu\u201d literally means \u201ca hundred kinds of Pu people.\u201d It was a general designation used by the central powers of the Shang and Zhou dynasties\u2014who viewed themselves as the civilized center and regarded surrounding peoples as barbarians\u2014for various southern tribes. It did not refer to any single specific ethnic group. Ancient Chinese chroniclers gave the early Pu subgroups descriptive names based on their most visible traits, such as \u201cBao Man,\u201d \u201cWen Mian Pu\u201d (Tattooed Pu), \u201cChi Kou Pu\u201d (Red-Mouthed Pu), \u201cMu Mian Pu\u201d (Cotton Pu), \u201cMin Pu,\u201d \u201cLuo Pu\u201d (Naked Pu), \u201cPu,\u201d \u201cWei Pu,\u201d and \u201cHei Cuan Pu\u201d (Black Cuan Pu), among others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The character \u201c\u6fee\u201d (Pu<\/em>) first appeared in historical texts to refer to this group. In later records, variants such as \u201c\u666e\u201d (Pu<\/em>), \u201c\u535c\u201d (Bo<\/em>), \u201c\u6734\u201d (Pu<\/em>), and \u201c\u84b2\u201d (Pu<\/em>) were also used. Many scholars even believe that the oracle bone character \u201c\u50d5\u201d (Pu<\/em>) from the Shang dynasty referred to the same people. These names share the same meaning and pronunciation, differing only in written form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (581\u20131279 CE), the Pu people gradually differentiated and eventually developed into several ethnic groups within the Mon-Khmer branch in China\u2014most notably the Bulang, Wa, and De\u2019ang peoples. See Figure 3: Genealogical Chart of the Bulang People<\/em>\u2019<\/em>s Origins and Evolution<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 3 \u2013 Genealogical Chart of the Bulang People\u2019s Origins and Evolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u90e8\u4ee5\u201c\u671b\u86ee\u201d\u4e3a\u79f0\u547c\u7684\u6fee\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u6fee\u65cf\u4e2d\u5206\u5316\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5982\u4eca\u4f64\u65cf\u7684\u5148\u6c11\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u201d\u7684\u6fee\u4eba\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u65cf\u7fa4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u6c38\u660c\u5e9c\uff08\u4eca\u4fdd\u5c71\u5e02\uff09\u897f\u5357\u5730\u533a\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6012\u6c5f\u4ee5\u897f\u7684\u5fb7\u5b8f\u5730\u533a\uff09\u7684\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u6012\u6c5f\u4e3a\u5929\u7136\u7684\u5730\u7406\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e66\u8bb0\u4e3a\u201c\u5d29\u9f99\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79f0\u5fb7\u6602\u65cf\u3002\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u6012\u6c5f\u4ee5\u4e1c\u76f4\u81f3\u6f9c\u6ca7\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u5e7f\u5927\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u65cf\u7fa4\u5219\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5386\u4ee3\u4e2d\u539f\u4e66\u8bb0\u8005\u5728\u8bb0\u5f55\u5468\u8fb9\u65cf\u7c7b\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u5404\u5dee\u522b\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u65cf\u5e38\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c0f\u65cf\u7c7b\u4ece\u4e66\u9762\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6fee\u4eba\u652f\u7cfb\u4ece\u968b\u5510\u8d77\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u5143\u81f3\u6e05\u4ee3\uff081271\uff5e1912\u5e74\uff09\u79f0\u547c\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u201c\u6fee\u201d\u5b57\u53d1\u97f3\u3002\u5510\u5b8b\u65f6\u671f\u4e66\u8bb0\u8005\u5199\u4f5c\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\u201c\u6734\u201d\uff0c\u5143\u81f3\u6e05\u4ee3\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u97f3\u5b57\u201c\u84b2\u201d\u79f0\u547c\uff1a\u201c\u84b2\u86ee\u201d\u201c\u84b2\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A branch of the Pu people known as the \u201cWang Man\u201d had already split off from the main Pu group, becoming the ancestors of today\u2019s Wa people. Another Pu subgroup, called the \u201cPuzi Man,\u201d gradually divided into two distinct ethnic groups over time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Puz<\/em>i<\/em> Man<\/em> living in the southwestern area of Yongchang Prefecture (present-day Baoshan City)\u2014mainly west of the Nu River in what is now the Dehong region\u2014were geographically separated by the Nu River. In Qing dynasty records, they were referred to as the \u201cBenglong,\u201d and today they are known as the De\u2019ang people. The Puz<\/em>i<\/em> Man<\/em> living east of the Nu River and throughout the vast Lancang River basin developed into another group, now known as the Bulang people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is worth noting that when ancient Chinese chroniclers recorded the surrounding ethnic groups, they often grouped together tribes that appeared superficially similar. As a result, some smaller groups disappeared from written records altogether.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the Sui and Tang dynasties onward, the Bulang branch of the Pu people retained the ancient pronunciation of the word \u201cPu\u201d (\u6fee). During the Tang and Song periods, historians wrote it using the homophonous character \u201c\u6734,\u201d while from the Yuan to the Qing dynasties (1271\u20131912), they used another homophone, \u201c\u84b2,\u201d referring to them as \u201cPu Man\u201d or \u201cPu People.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 4 \u2013 Book of the Southern Barbarians<\/em> (Man Shu<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5510\u4ee3\u300a\u86ee\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u5355\u72ec\u8bb0\u6709\u5b57\u6761\u79f0\uff08\u56fe4\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\uff0c\u52c7\u608d\u77eb\u6377\uff0c\u4ee5\u9752\u5a46\u7f57\u7f0e\u4e3a\u901a\u8eab\u88b4\u3002\u5584\u7528\u767d\u7b95\u7af9\uff0c\u6df1\u6797\u95f4\u5c04\u98de\u9f20\uff0c\u53d1\u65e0\u4e0d\u4e2d \u2026\u2026 \u201d\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u6765\u6216\u6700\u8fdf\u5728\u5510\u4ee3\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u6c11\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Tang dynasty text Book of the Southern Barbarians<\/em> (Man Shu<\/em>), there is a specific entry (see Figure 4) that reads: \u201cThe Puz<\/em>i<\/em> Man<\/em> are brave, fierce, and agile. They wear trousers made entirely of blue p<\/em>oluo<\/em> silk. Skilled in using white ji<\/em> bamboo, they hunt flying squirrels deep in the forest, and their shots never miss…\u201d From this account, it can be inferred that by the Tang dynasty\u2014if not earlier\u2014the Bulang people had already developed into a distinct ethnic group with clearly defined cultural characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5e03\u6717\u4eba\u5148\u6c11\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Migration of the Ancestral Bulang People<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u590f\u4ee3\uff08\u524d2070\uff5e1600\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u201c\u6fee\u201d\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6cdb\u79f0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u5609\u9675\u6c5f\u53ca\u957f\u6c5f\u4e0a\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff08\u89c1\u56fe5\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u6e56\u5317\u897f\u90e8\u53ca\u91cd\u5e86\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u7b49\u7684\u957f\u6c5f\u6cbf\u7ebf\u5730\u533a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7 \u6587\u516c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6fee\u4eba\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6fee\u65cf\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5e76\u672a\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1a\u201c\u5e76\u65e0\u65e0\u541b\u957f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5404\u4ee5\u9091\u843d\u81ea\u805a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xia Dynasty (2070<\/strong>\u2013<\/strong>1600 BCE)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In ancient Chinese history, the term \u201cPu\u201d (\u6fee) was long used as a general designation, primarily referring to the peoples living along the Jialing River and the upper Yangtze River regions (see Figure 5)\u2014corresponding to present-day western Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan along the Yangtze River. According to annotations on the Pu people in Zuo Zhuan <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Duke Wen, Year 16<\/em>, it is generally believed that the Pu did not establish a centralized state for a long time: \u201cThey had no supreme ruler; each gathered independently in their own settlements.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 5 \u2013 Regional Map of Ethnic Groups during the Xia and Shang Periods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5176\u5386\u7ecf\u8270\u8f9b\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the Bulang people, the process of becoming a distinct ethnic group is inseparable from their arduous history of migration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5546\u4ee3\uff08\u524d1600\uff5e1046\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u590f\u5546\u4ea4\u66ff\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6606\u543e\u65b9\u56fd\u5728\u62a4\u536b\u590f\u653f\u6743\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5931\u5229\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u8fc1\u5f99\u8fdc\u8d70\u5357\u65b9\u540e\uff0c\u7559\u51fa\u7684\u7248\u56fe\u81ea\u7136\u88ab\u5546\u653f\u6743\u6240\u5360\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u867d\u7136\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u5546\u4ee3\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5546\u738b\u671d\u548c\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9274\u4e8e\u5546\u4ee3\u6b66\u4e01\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u5468\u8fb9\u65b9\u56fd\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5f81\u4f10\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u4e0e\u5546\u738b\u671d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6050\u6015\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u5df2\u7ecf\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u5546\u4ee3\u5373\u4e5f\u6709\u5357\u8fc1\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5546\u672b\u90e8\u5206\u201c\u6fee\u4eba\u201d\u6216\u5df2\u9009\u4e3e\u51fa\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5546\u738b\u671d\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6216\u79ef\u7d2f\u5230\u201c\u7267\u91ce\u4e4b\u76df\u201d\u65f6\u4fbf\u5f7b\u5e95\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u3002\u5468\u6b66\u738b\u4ee5\u590f\u6840\u66b4\u653f\u4e4b\u540d\u4f10\u5546\u6b32\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0e\u516b\u5927\u201c\u65b9\u56fd\u201d\u5728\u7267\u91ce\u76df\u8a93\uff08\u89c1\u56fe6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shang Dynasty (1600<\/strong>\u2013<\/strong>1046 BCE)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the transition between the Xia and Shang dynasties, the powerful Kunwu Fang state, which had defended the Xia regime, was defeated and forced to migrate southward. The territory they left behind was naturally absorbed by the Shang state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although current Shang oracle bone inscriptions provide no explicit records of the relationship between the Shang kings and the \u201cBai Pu\u201d tribes, the extensive campaigns of King Wu Ding against surrounding states suggest that the Bai Pu likely had a tense or adversarial relationship with the Shang court. This may indicate that some Bai Pu groups began southward migration during the Shang period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the late Shang, some Pu communities may have elected leaders, and accumulated tensions with the Shang court likely culminated during the \u201cMuye Alliance.\u201d King Wu of Zhou, citing the tyranny of Xia Jie, launched a campaign to overthrow the Shang, allying with the eight major \u201cFang States\u201d at the Muye oath ceremony (see Figure 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 6 \u2013 Records of the Grand Historian<\/em> (Shiji<\/em>), Volume 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\u201c\u7267\u8a93\u516b\u56fd\u201d\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5373\u6709\u201c\u6fee\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u6216\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u529b\u6700\u5f31\u800c\u540d\u5217\u6700\u540e\uff1a\u201c\u2026\u2026 \u7532\u5b50\u6627\u723d\uff0c\u738b\u671d\u81f3\u4e8e\u5546\u90ca\u7267\u91ce\uff0c\u4e43\u8a93\u3002\u6b66\u738b\u5de6\u6756\u9ec4\u94ba\uff0c\u53f3\u79c9\u767d\u65c4\u4ee5\u9ebe\uff0c\u66f0\uff1a\u8fdc\u77e3\uff0c\u897f\u571f\u4e4b\u4eba\uff01\u6b66\u738b\u66f0\uff1a\u55df\uff01\u6211\u6709\u56fd\u51a2\u541b\u5fa1\u4e8b\uff0c\u53f8\u5f92\u3001\u53f8\u9a6c\u3001\u53f8\u7a7a\uff0c\u4e9a\u65c5\u3001\u5e08\u6c0f\uff0c\u5343\u592b\u957f\u3001\u767e\u592b\u957f\uff0c\u53ca\u5eb8\u3001\u8700\u3001\u7f8c\u3001\u9af3\u3001\u5fae\u3001\u5362\u3001\u5f6d\u3001\u6fee\u4eba\u3002\u79f0\u5c14\u6208\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c14\u5e72\uff0c\u7acb\u5c14\u77db\uff0c\u4e88\u5176\u8a93  \u2026\u2026 \u201d\u5b54\u5b89\u56fd\u6ce8\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u65f6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u516b\u56fd\u7686\u86ee\u5937\u2026\u2026 \u5eb8\u3001\u6fee\u5728\u6c5f\u6c49\u4e4b\u5357 \u2026\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\u5728\u7267\u8a93\u4e2d\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u300a\u5546\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u79f0\u7267\u8a93\u5176\u4f59\u5404\u65b9\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u201d\uff1a\u5eb8\u4eba\u3001\u6fee\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5b54\u65b9\u56fd\u5219\u79f0\u201c\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ad9\u5728\u4e86\u201c\u5468\u738b\u671d\u53d9\u4e8b\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Sima Qian\u2019s Records of the Grand Historian<\/em> (Shiji<\/em>), the \u201cPu people\u201d are listed among the \u201ceight allied states\u201d at the Muye oath, possibly because they were the weakest and thus named last:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u2026At the dawn of the Jiazi day, the king arrived at the Shang outskirts at Muye to swear the oath. King Wu held the yellow axe in his left hand and the white banner in his right, and said: \u2018Far away, people of the western lands! I have my state officials, ministers, and military officers: the tutors, commanders, centurions, and also the Yong, Shu, Qiang, Mao, Wei, Lu, Peng, and Pu people. Raise your spears, lift your shields, and take the oath\u2026\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In his commentary, Kong Anguo notes: \u201cThe eight states are all barbarians\u2026 Yong and Pu are south of the Jiang and Han rivers\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is worth noting that Sima Qian cites materials from the Book of Shang<\/em>, which refers to the Muye allies as \u201cpeople\u201d: Yong people, Pu people. In contrast, some sources in the Book of Documents<\/em> call them \u201cstates,\u201d reflecting the Zhou court perspective of the historical record.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u897f\u5468\uff08\u524d1046\uff5e771\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u7267\u91ce\u4ece\u9f99\u6709\u529f\u7684\u201c\u6fee\u4eba\u201d\u5bf9\u5468\u738b\u671d\u79f0\u81e3\u8fdb\u8d21\u4ee5\u4e39\u7802\u3002\u65f6\u81f3\u897f\u5468\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u5468\u5929\u5b50\u7684\u5206\u5c01\u5236\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5404\u8def\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u867d\u4ecd\u5949\u5929\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5468\u5929\u5b50\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u65e9\u5df2\u8361\u7136\u65e0\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western Zhou (1046<\/strong>\u2013<\/strong>771 BCE)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pu people who assisted at Muye swore allegiance to the Zhou kings and offered tribute in cinnabar. By the late Western Zhou, the system of enfeoffment had weakened, and regional lords rose in power. Although they formally recognized the Zhou king, the king\u2019s actual authority had largely disappeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u5468\/\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\uff08\u524d770\u2014\u524d256\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u516c\u5143\u524d828\u5e74\uff0c\u695a\u738b\u718a\u4e25\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u957f\u5b50\u718a\u971c\u7ee7\u4f4d\u3002\u718a\u971c\u5728\u4f4d\u516d\u5e74\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d828\u5e74\u2014\u524d822\u5e74\uff09\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u76843\u4e2a\u5f1f\u5f1f\u4ef2\u96ea\u3001\u53d4\u718a\u3001\u5b63\u5f87\u5f00\u59cb\u4e89\u593a\u541b\u4f4d\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u4ef2\u96ea\u6218\u6b7b\uff0c\u53d4\u718a\u9003\u4ea1\u81f3\u6fee\u5730\u907f\u96be\uff0c\u5c11\u5f1f\u5b63\u5f87\u5373\u4f4d\uff08\u5373\u718a\u5f87\uff09\u3002\u300a\u56fd\u8bed \u00b7 \u90d1\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u6597\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u89c1\u56fe7\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u53d4\u9003\u96be\u4e8e\u6fee\u800c\u86ee\u2026\u2026 \u201d\u97e6\u662d\u6ce8\u79f0:\u201c\u53d4\uff0c\u53d4\u718a\u3002\u6fee\uff0c\u86ee\u9091\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u663e\u7136\u5f53\u65f6\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u5e76\u672a\u80fd\u591f\u89e6\u53ca\u5230\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u653e\u4efb\u53d4\u718a\u9003\u5954\u6fee\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eastern Zhou \/ Spring and Autumn & Warring States (770<\/strong>\u2013<\/strong>256 BCE)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 828 BCE, King Xiong Yan of Chu died, and his eldest son Xiong Shuang succeeded him. Xiong Shuang ruled six years (828\u2013822 BCE) before dying. His three younger brothers\u2014Zhong Xue, Shu Xiong, and Ji Xun\u2014contested the throne. Zhong Xue was killed in battle, Shu Xiong fled to Pu territory for refuge, and the youngest, Ji Xun (Xiong Xun), became king. Guoyu <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Zhengyu<\/em> records this struggle (see Figure 7): \u201cShu fled for refuge among the Pu and barbarians\u2026\u201d Wei Zhao\u2019s commentary explains: \u201cShu refers to Shu Xiong. Pu refers to a barbarian settlement.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clearly, at that time, the Chu state could not reach the Bai Pu lands and had to allow Shu Xiong to escape to Pu territory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 7 \u2013 Guoyu <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Zhengyu<\/em>, Volume 16: \u201cShu Fled for Refuge among the Pu and Barbarians.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u56fd\u8bed \u00b7 \u90d1\u8bed\u300b\u4e2d\u53c8\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u89c1\u56fe8\uff09\uff0c\u738b\u4f4d\u4f20\u81f3\u718a\u5f87\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u718a\u7734\uff08\u86a1\u5192\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u695a\u86a1\u5192\u4e8e\u662f\u4e4e\u59cb\u542f\u6fee\u201d\u3002\u695a\u541b\u86a1\u5192\uff08\u718a\u7734\uff09\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d757\u5e74\u2014\u524d741\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff0c\u5728\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d740\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u6c5f\u6c49\u5730\u533a\u7684\u767e\u6fee\u4e4b\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u5f00\u53d1\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5f81\u6218\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u695a\u56fd\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u5bf9\u6fee\u5730\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guoyu <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Zhengyu<\/em> also records (see Figure 8) that the throne passed to Xiong Xun\u2019s descendants, Xiong Xuan (also called Fenmao): \u201cThus Chu\u2019s Fenmao began to open up the Pu lands.\u201d King Fenmao of Chu (Xiong Xuan) reigned approximately 757\u2013741 BCE, and around 740 BCE, he began to develop\u2014or, more accurately, conduct military campaigns in\u2014the Bai Pu territories of the Jiang-Han region, marking the start of Chu\u2019s initial control over the Pu lands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 8 \u2013 Guoyu <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Zhengyu<\/em>, Volume 16: \u201cThus Chu\u2019s Fenmao Began to Open Up the Pu Lands.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u695a\u56fd\u718a\u901a\u4e0d\u6ee1\u54e5\u54e5\u695a\u541b\u86a1\u5192\uff08\u718a\u7734\uff09\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u7ee7\u4f4d\uff0c\u53d1\u52a8\u5175\u53d8\u6740\u4f84\u5b50\u593a\u738b\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u968f\u540e\u4e0e\u5468\u738b\u5ba4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e2d\u81ea\u5c01\u4e3a\u695a\u6b66\u738b\uff0c\u718a\u901a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5317\u4e0a\u4f10\u968f\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d706\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u00b7\u695a\u4e16\u5bb6\u300b\u8bb0\u6709\u695a\u6b66\u738b\uff1a\u201c\u59cb\u5f00\u6fee\u5730\u800c\u6709\u4e4b\u201d\u3002\u695a\u6b66\u738b\u5728\u6c49\u5bff\uff08\u4eca\u6e56\u5357\u5e38\u5fb7\u6c49\u5bff\u53bf\uff09\u4fee\u7b51\u201c\u7687\u57ce\u201d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u8425\u6d1e\u5ead\u6e56\u6e58\u6c85\u6fa7\u6d41\u57df\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u519b\u4e8b\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6fee\u5730\u5c01\u7ed9\u738b\u5ba4\u8d35\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Xiong Tong of Chu, dissatisfied with his nephew\u2014the son of King Fenmao of Chu (Xiong Xuan)\u2014ascending the throne, launched a coup, killed his nephew, and seized the kingship. Amid subsequent tensions with the Zhou royal court, he proclaimed himself King Wu of Chu. Xiong Tong simultaneously campaigned north against the State of Sui (706 BCE). According to Records of the Grand Historian <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>House of Chu<\/em> (Shiji <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Chu Shijia<\/em>), King Wu \u201cbegan to open and possess the Pu lands\u201d (see Figure 9). King Wu constructed the \u201cImperial City\u201d in Hanshou (present-day Hanshou County, Changde, Hunan) as a political and military center to administer the Dongting Lake and the Xiang, Yuan, and Li river regions. He also enfeoffed the Pu lands to royal family members and nobility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 10 \u2013 Zuo Zhuan \u00b7 Duke Wen, Year 16: \u201cThe Qun People Led the Bai Pu to Gather at Xuan.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7 \u6587\u516c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe10\uff09\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d611\u5e74\uff0c\u5eb8\u56fd\u7387\u7fa4\u86ee\u53db\u695a\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u9e87\u56fd\uff08\u4eca\u6e56\u5317\u90e7\u53bf\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\u8054\u5408\u767e\u6fee\u805a\u4e8e\u201c\u9009\u201d\uff08\u6e56\u5317\u679d\u6c5f\uff09\u4f01\u56fe\u4f10\u695a\uff0c\u695a\u4eba\u4ee5\u848d\u8d3e\u4e4b\u8c0b\u9000\u5175\uff1a\u201c\u5eb8\u4eba\u7387\u7fa4\u86ee\u4ee5\u53db\u695a\u3002 \u9e87\u4eba\u7387\u767e\u6fee\u805a\u4e8e\u9009\uff0c\u5c06\u4f10\u695a\u3002 \u4e8e\u662f\u7533\uff08\u4eca\u5357\u9633\u5e02\uff09\u3001\u606f\uff08\u4eca\u6cb3\u5357\u606f\u53bf\uff09\u5317\u95e8\u4e0d\u542f\u3002 \u695a\u4eba\u8c0b\u5f99\u4e8e\u962a\u9ad8\u3002 \u848d\u8d3e\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002 \u6211\u80fd\u5f80\uff0c\u5bc7\u4ea6\u80fd\u5f80\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u4f10\u5eb8\u3002\u592b\u9e87\u4e0e\u767e\u6fee\u8c13\u6211\u997f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e08\uff0c\u6545\u4f10\u6211\u4e5f\uff0c\u82e5\u6211\u51fa\u5e08\u5fc5\u60ca\u800c\u5f52\u3002\u767e\u6fee\u79bb\u5c45\u5c06\u5404\u8d70\u5176\u9091\uff0c\u8c01\u6687\u8c0b\u4eba\u2019\u4e43\u51fa\u5e08\u3002 \u65ec\u6709\u4e94\u65e5\uff0c\u767e\u6fee\u4e43\u7f62\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u968f\u540e\u695a\u5e84\u738b\u8054\u5408\u79e6\u3001\u5df4\u706d\u5eb8\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u541e\u5e76\u9e87\u56fd\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u767e\u6fee\u90e8\u843d\u81e3\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zuo Zhuan <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Duke Wen, Year 16<\/em> records (see Figure 10) that in 611 BCE, when the State of Yong led allied barbarians in rebellion against Chu, the State of Qun (present-day Yun County, Hubei) united with the Bai Pu and gathered at Xuan (present-day Zhijiang, Hubei) to attack Chu. The Chu forces, following the strategy of Meng Jia, withdrew strategically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Yong people led allied barbarians to rebel against Chu. The Qun people led the Bai Pu and gathered at Xuan, intending to attack Chu. Therefore, the northern gates of Shen (present-day Nanyang) and Xi (present-day Xi County, Henan) were not opened. The Chu people planned to relocate to Ban Gao. Meng Jia said: \u2018No. If I go, the invaders can also go; it is better to attack Yong. Qun and the Bai Pu believe we are hungry and incapable, hence they attack us. If we mobilize, they will panic and retreat. The Bai Pu, living separately, will return to their own settlements; who will have time to scheme against us?\u2019 So the army marched out. After fifteen days, the Bai Pu gave up.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsequently, King Zhuang of Chu allied with Qin and Ba to destroy Yong, annexed Qun, and forced the Bai Pu tribes to submit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 11 \u2013 Zuo Zhuan, Volume 48: \u201cDuke Zhao, Year 19.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u300b\u662d\u516c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u89c1\u56fe11\uff09\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d523\u5e74\u695a\u5e73\u738b\u201c\u4e3a\u821f\u5e08\u4ee5\u4f10\u6fee\u201d\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f7b\u5e95\u5de9\u56fa\u5bf9\u5357\u65b9\u6fee\u5730\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u8ddd\u695a\u541b\u86a1\u5192\u5f00\u6fee\u5df2\u903e\u4e24\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u201c\u767e\u6fee\u201d\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u5f3a\u695a\u7684\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u6216\u5df2\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u5411\u5357\u8fc1\u5f99\u4ee5\u903c\u7978\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u79e6\u7edf\u4e00\u516d\u56fd\u7ed3\u675f\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u52a8\u4e71\u540e\u5374\u53c8\u4e8c\u4e16\u800c\u4ea1\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u6c49\u671d\u9664\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u63a5\u76d8\u201c\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8fb9\u7586\u7684\u6218\u7565\u4e0a\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u3002\u6c49\u671d\u521d\u671f\u751a\u81f3\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u51ed\u501f\u957f\u57ce\u636e\u5b88\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u4e3b\u52a8\u6269\u5f20\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u5a01\u6151\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u7ebf\u4f5c\u6218\u3001\u5c6f\u7530\u5b9e\u8fb9\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u8054\u76df\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u529b\u94f8\u5c31\u65e0\u5f62\u957f\u57ce\u6765\u907f\u514d\u8fb9\u60a3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u5f20\u9a9e\u4e24\u6b21\u51fa\u4f7f\uff0c\u7ecf\u7565\u897f\u57df\uff1b\u5317\u65b9\u5219\u5175\u9a71\u5308\u5974\uff0c\u8feb\u5176\u8fdc\u9041\u6f20\u5317\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u201c\u6f20\u5357\u65e0\u738b\u5ead\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u5377\u4e00\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e03\u4e2d\u53f8\u9a6c\u76f8\u5982\u5217\u4f20\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe12\uff09\uff0c\u6c49\u521d\u5728\u897f\u5357\u65b9\u5411\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u6b66\u529b\u53ca\u6000\u67d4\u5e76\u91cd\uff1a\u201c\u5b9a\u7b70\u5b58\u909b\u3001\u7565\u65af\u6986\uff0c\u4e3e\u82de\u6ee1\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6fee\u4eba\u533a\u57df\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zuo Zhuan<\/em>, Duke Zhao, Year 19, records (see Figure 11) that in 523 BCE, King Ping of Chu \u201cled a naval force to attack the Pu,\u201d aiming to firmly consolidate Chu\u2019s control over the southern Pu territories. By this time, more than two centuries had passed since King Fenmao of Chu first opened the Pu lands. Under the pressure of the powerful northern Chu state, parts of the Bai Pu population may have already migrated southward to escape conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After Qin unified the six states, ending the turmoil of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, it fell within two generations. Its successor, the Han dynasty, not only fully inherited the concept of a \u201cunified empire\u201d but adopted a more aggressive frontier strategy. In the early Han period, the reliance on the Great Wall for defense was largely abandoned in favor of proactive expansion and military deterrence, using multi-front campaigns, frontier colonization (tuntian<\/em>), and diplomatic alliances to create an \u201cinvisible Great Wall\u201d that prevented border incursions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During this period, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, while the Han forces pushed the Xiongnu northward, achieving a \u201csouthern desert free of enemy courts.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Sima Xiangru\u2019s biography in Records of the Grand Historian<\/em>, Volume 117 (see Figure 12), in the southwestern frontier, the early Han dynasty combined military and conciliatory measures: \u201cPacified Zuozhuo and conquered Qiong; subjugated Siyi Yu; brought the Bao Man under control,\u201d thereby incorporating part of the Pu territories into the central plains empire\u2019s governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 12 \u2013 Records of the Grand Historian<\/em>, Volume 117: \u201cBiography of Sima Xiangru.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u897f\u6c49\u5143\u5c01\u4e8c\u5e74\uff08\u524d109\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6c49\u519b\u8054\u5408\u5df4\u8700\u5175\u529b\u6b66\u529b\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u6ec7\u90e8\u843d\u53ca\u5176\u536b\u661f\u90e8\u65cf\uff1a\u52b3\u4fb5\u3001\u9761\u83ab\uff08\u4eca\u66f2\u9756\uff09\uff0c\u6ec7\u964d\u670d\u79f0\u81e3\u540e\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u8bbe\u201c\u76ca\u5dde\u90e1\u201d\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u5bf9\u6ec7\u897f\u5404\u90e8\u7684\u5f81\u4f10\u4e2d\uff0c\u518d\u7f6e\u5db2\u5510\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u9f99\u53bf\u897f\u90e8\u81f3\u4fdd\u5c71\u5317\u90e8\u4e4b\u5730\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u97e6\uff08\u4eca\u4fdd\u5c71\u53bf\u4e1c\u90e8\u548c\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u4e4b\u5730\uff09\u3001\u6bd4\u82cf\uff08\u4eca\u6cf8\u6c34\u3001\u4e91\u9f99\u4e8c\u53bf\u8fde\u63a5\u5730\u5e26\uff09\u3001\u90aa\u9f99\uff08\u4eca\u5dcd\u5c71\u3001\u5357\u6da7\u3001\u6f3e\u6f0f\u4e4b\u5730\uff09\u3001\u4e91\u5357\uff08\u4eca\u7965\u4e91\u3001\u5bbe\u5ddd\u4e4b\u5730\uff09\u3001\u53f6\u6986\uff08\u4eca\u5927\u7406\u3001\u6d31\u6e90\u4e4b\u5730\uff09\u516d\u53bf\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u6b66\u529b\u5f81\u670d\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6fee\u4eba\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 2nd year of the Yuanfeng era of the Western Han (109 BCE), Han forces, together with troops from Ba and Shu, militarily conquered the Dian tribes and their satellite groups, including Lao Qin and Mi Mo (present-day Qujing). After the Dian submitted and pledged allegiance, the central plains government established Yizhou Commandery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsequently, in campaigns against the various western Dian groups, six additional counties were created: Sui Tang (from present-day western Yunlong County to northern Baoshan), Bu Wei (eastern and northeastern Baoshan), Bi Su (the area connecting present-day Lushui and Yunlong counties), Xie Long (Weishan, Nanjian, and Yanglou regions), Yunnan (Xiangyun and Binchuan), and Ye Yu (Dali and Eryuan).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following this military conquest, the Han dynasty\u2019s administration extended over a significantly larger portion of Pu-inhabited territories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 13 \u2013 Book of the Later Han<\/em>, Volume 116: \u201cBiographies of the Southwestern Barbarians.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u6c49\u6c38\u5e73\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0869\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u54c0\u7262\u738b\u7387\u5176\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5404\u90e8\u65cf\u5f52\u9644\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u3002\u300a\u540e\u6c49\u4e66\u00b7 \u5377\u4e00\u767e\u5341\u516d\u00b7 \u897f\u5357\u5937\u5217\u4f20\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe13\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u54c0\u7262\u738b\u67f3\u8c8c\u9063\u5b50\u7387\u79cd\u4eba\u3001\u5185\u5c5e\u5176\u79f0\u9091\u738b\u8005\u4e03\u5341\u4e03\u4eba\uff0c\u6237\u4e94\u4e07\u4e00\u5343\u516b\u767e\u4e5d\u5341\u53e3\uff0c\u4e94\u5341\u4e94\u4e07\u4e09\u5343\u4e03\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u897f\u53bb\u6d1b\u9633\u4e03\u5341\u91cc\uff0c\u663e\u5b97\u4ee5\u5176\u5730\u7f6e\u54c0\u7262\u3001\u535a\u5357\u4e8c\u53bf\uff0c\u5272\u76ca\u5dde\u90e1\u897f\u90e8\u90fd\u5c09\u6240\u9886\u516d\u53bf\u5408\u4e3a\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\uff0c\u59cb\u901a\u535a\u5357\u5c71\uff0c\u5ea6\u6f9c\u6ca7\u6c34\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u540e\u6c49\u4e66\u6240\u8a00\u6c38\u5e73\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u4e00\u540c\u5f52\u9644\u7684\u201c\u79cd\u4eba\u201d\u5373\u54c0\u7262\u90e8\u65cf\u672c\u90e8\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u201c\u5185\u5c5e\u201d\u5219\u6307\u54c0\u7262\u738b\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u536b\u661f\u90e8\u65cf\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u751a\u5e7f\uff0c\u5176\u6309\u90e8\u9091\u7edf\u8ba1\u670977\u9091\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u5728\u90e8\u65cf\u540d\u79f0\u4e0a\u5374\u4e00\u7b14\u5e26\u8fc7\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8be6\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the 12th year of the Yongping era of the Eastern Han (69 CE), King Ai Lao led the tribes under his rule to submit to the central plains dynasty. Book of the Later Han<\/em>, Volume 116: Biographies of the Southwestern Barbarians<\/em> (see Figure 13) records:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cKing Ai Lao, Liu Mao, sent his sons to lead the common people and the seventy-seven local rulers who acknowledged his authority, totaling 51,890 households, or 553,711 people. Seventy li west of Luoyang, the Xianzong Emperor established the counties of Ai Lao and Bo Nan, combining six counties previously under the command of Yizhou Commandery\u2019s western administration into Yongchang Commandery. This opened the Bo Nan Mountains and enabled crossing of the Lancang River.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The \u201ccommon people\u201d (zhong ren<\/em>) mentioned in the Book of the Later Han<\/em> as submitting in the 12th year of Yongping refer specifically to the main body of the Ai Lao tribes. The term \u201cthose internally subordinate\u201d (nei shu<\/em>) denotes the satellite tribes within the Ai Lao king\u2019s sphere of influence, which were extensive. Although the total number of settlements is recorded as 77, the text provides only a cursory mention of their tribal names, without further detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 14 \u2013 Huayang Guozhi \u00b7 Nan Zhong Zhi \u00b7 Yongchang Commandery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u300a\u534e\u9633\u56fd\u5fd7\u00b7 \u5357\u4e2d\u5fd7\u00b7 \u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u300b\uff08\u56fe14\uff09\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u5173\u4e8e\u54c0\u7262\u738b\u201c\u5185\u5c5e\u201d\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u5730\u4e1c\u897f\u4e09\u5343\u91cc\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u56db\u5343\u516d\u767e\u91cc\u2026\u2026\u6709\u95fd\u6fee\u3001\u9e20\u50da\u3001\u50f5\u8d8a\u3001\u88f8\u6fee\u3001\u8eab\u6bd2\u4e4b\u6c11 \u2026\u2026. \u201d\u6c49\u521d\u6240\u8bbe\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5982\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u7684\u4fdd\u5c71\u3001\u6012\u6c5f\u3001\u5fb7\u5b8f\u3001\u5927\u7406\u7b49\u5730\u5dde\uff08\u89c1\u56fe15\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u90e8\u65cf\u751a\u81f3\u5df2\u7ecf\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u533a\u57df\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff08\u8eab\u6bd2\uff09\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\u6fee\u4eba\u533a\u57df\u5df2\u7ecf\u5168\u90e8\u7eb3\u5165\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7248\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We can find records of the Ai Lao king\u2019s \u201cinternally subordinate\u201d tribes in Huayang Guozhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Nan Zhong Zhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Yongchang Commandery<\/em> (see Figure 14):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe territory stretches 3,000 li from east to west and 4,600 li from north to south\u2026 inhabited by the Min Pu, Jiu Liao, Jiang Yue, Luo Pu, and Shendu peoples\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Yongchang Commandery established in the early Han period included present-day Baoshan, Nujiang, Dehong, Dali, and other areas of Yunnan Province (see Figure 15). Some of its tribes even encompassed peoples from the Indian region (Shendu<\/em>). By this point, the entire Pu-inhabited region had been incorporated into the territorial administration of the central plains dynasty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 15 \u2013 Map of Yongchang Commandery during the Eastern Han Dynasty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e1c\u6c49\u5efa\u521d\u5143\u5e74\uff0876\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u54c0\u7262\u738b\u7c7b\u7262\u6740\u5b88\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e76\u653b\u51fb\u5db2\u5510\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u9f99\u53bf\u897f\u90e8\u81f3\u4fdd\u5c71\u5317\u90e8\u4e4b\u5730\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u4e2d\u539f\u738b\u671d\u8054\u5408\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u5185\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u65cf\u6240\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u4f20\u9996\u6d1b\u9633\uff08\u89c1\u56fe16\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6b21\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u540e\u679c\u5728\u300a\u540e\u6c49\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u540c\u6837\u6ca1\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u6b21\u54c0\u7262\u738b\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u6216\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u6fee\u4eba\u5728\u5185\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u8005\u4e3b\u52a8\u5357\u8fc1\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u662f\u6fee\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5357\u8fc1\uff0c\u4e5f\u6216\u662f\u201c\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u201d\u5206\u652f\u5c55\u5f00\u72ec\u7acb\u5206\u5316\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the first year of the Jianchu era of the Eastern Han (76 CE), King Lei Lao of Yongchang Commandery\u2019s Ai Lao tribe killed the local magistrate and attacked Sui Tang (the area from present-day western Yunlong County to northern Baoshan). He was subsequently suppressed by the central plains dynasty, which coordinated forces from other tribes within Yongchang Commandery, and his head was sent to Luoyang (see Figure 16).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Book of the Later Han<\/em> does not provide detailed consequences of this failure, historians generally believe that this defeat likely prompted the rebellious groups, including the Pu people, to migrate southward voluntarily. This may have been the first large-scale southward migration in Pu history and could mark the beginning of the independent differentiation of the \u201cPuzi Man\u201d branch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 16 \u2013 Book of the Later Han<\/em>, Volume 116, Biography 76: \u201cSouthwestern Barbarians \u00b7 Biography of Ai Lao.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c49\u672b\u7fa4\u96c4\u5272\u636e\uff0c\u5218\u5907\u5efa\u7acb\u8700\u6c49\u6b32\u9010\u9e7f\u4e2d\u539f\uff0c\u5218\u5907\u6b7b\u540e\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u7cae\u4ed3\u201d\u7684\u5927\u540e\u65b9\u201c\u5357\u4e2d\u201d\u53d1\u751f\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u8700\u6c49\u5efa\u5174\u4e09\u5e74\uff08225\u5e74\uff09\u674e\u6062\u4f1a\u540c\u8bf8\u845b\u4eae\u5357\u5f81\u5f97\u80dc\u540e\u5c06\u5357\u4e2d\u56db\u90e1\uff08\u76ca\u5dde\u3001\u8d8a\u5db2\u3001\u6c38\u660c\u3001\u7242\u7241\uff09\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u4e03\u90e1\uff0c\u674e\u6062\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5eb2\u964d\u90fd\u7763\u8d1f\u8d23\u6cbb\u7406\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4e03\u90e1\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5efa\u5b81\u90e1\uff08\u539f\u76ca\u5dde\u90e1\uff0c\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u6606\u660e\u3001\u66f2\u9756\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d8a\u5db2\u90e1\uff08\u4eca\u56db\u5ddd\u51c9\u5c71\u5dde\u3001\u6500\u679d\u82b1\u53ca\u4e91\u5357\u4e3d\u6c5f\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u4fdd\u5c71\u3001\u5fb7\u5b8f\u53ca\u7f05\u7538\u5317\u90e8\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7242\u7241\u90e1\uff08\u4eca\u8d35\u5dde\u897f\u90e8\u53ca\u4e91\u5357\u4e1c\u90e8\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e91\u5357\u90e1\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u5927\u7406\u3001\u695a\u96c4\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5174\u53e4\u90e1\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u6587\u5c71\u3001\u7ea2\u6cb3\u53ca\u5e7f\u897f\u90e8\u5206\u8fb9\u5883\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6731\u63d0\u90e1\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u5357\u662d\u901a\u53ca\u56db\u5ddd\u5b9c\u5bbe\u5357\u90e8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u5357\u4e2d\u4e03\u90e1\u201d\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8700\u6c49\u653f\u6743\u5317\u4f10\u7684\u8f93\u8840\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u674e\u6062\u9664\u4e86\u5f3a\u8fc1\u5730\u65b9\u8c6a\u5f3a\u53bb\u6210\u90fd\u5b9a\u5c45\u4ee5\u514d\u4ed6\u4eec\u52bf\u529b\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u5931\u63a7\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f81\u6536\u201c\u5357\u4e2d\u4e03\u90e1\u201d\u4e2d\u53df\u3001\u6fee\u7b49\u65cf\u7684\u8015\u725b\u3001\u6218\u9a6c\u3001\u91d1\u94f6\u3001\u7280\u9769\u7b49\u7269\u8d44\uff0c\u5145\u5b9e\u8700\u6c49\u519b\u9700\uff08\u89c1\u56fe17\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the late Han period, as regional warlords vied for power, Liu Bei established Shu Han in an effort to contest control of the Central Plains. After Liu Bei\u2019s death, the \u201cSouthern Hinterlands\u201d (Nan Zhong<\/em>), which served as Shu Han\u2019s granary, erupted in rebellion. In the third year of the Jianxing era (225 CE), Li Hui, in coordination with Zhuge Liang, led a successful southern campaign and reorganized the four southern commanderies\u2014Yizhou, Yuexi, Yongchang, and Zangke\u2014into seven commanderies. Li Hui was appointed Dudu<\/em> of Bianjiang to govern this region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The seven commanderies were:<\/p>\n\n\n

    \n
  • \nJianning Commandery<\/strong> (originally Yizhou Commandery; present-day Kunming and Qujing, Yunnan)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \nYuexi Commandery<\/strong> (present-day Liangshan, Sichuan; Panzhihua; parts of Lijiang, Yunnan)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \nYongchang Commandery<\/strong> (present-day Baoshan, Dehong, Yunnan; northern Myanmar)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \nZangke Commandery<\/strong> (present-day western Guizhou and eastern Yunnan)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \nYunnan Commandery<\/strong> (present-day Dali and Chuxiong, Yunnan)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \nXinggu Commandery<\/strong> (present-day Wenshan, Honghe, and parts of Guangxi)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • \nZhuti Commandery<\/strong> (present-day Zhaotong, Yunnan; southern Yibin, Sichuan)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    This new \u201cSeven Southern Commanderies\u201d became a vital resource base for Shu Han\u2019s northern campaigns. To prevent local elites from gaining too much power, Li Hui forcibly relocated influential families to Chengdu. He also requisitioned draft animals, warhorses, gold, silver, rhinoceros hides, and other materials from the tribes\u2014including the Pu and the Sou\u2014within the Seven Commanderies to support Shu Han\u2019s military needs (see Figure 17).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 17 \u2013 Records of the Three Kingdoms <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Shu Records <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Biography 13: Li Hui.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u674e\u6062\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5357\u4e2d\u4e03\u90e1\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e3a\u8700\u6c49\u201c\u9020\u8840\u201d\u5916\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u5236\u8fc1\u5f99\u6765\u5206\u5316\u53ca\u5236\u7ea6\u5357\u4e2d\u5404\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u300a\u534e\u9633\u56fd\u5fd7 \u00b7\u5357\u4e2d\u5fd7\u00b7\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5357\u4e2d\u591a\u53db\u4e71\uff08\u89c1\u56fe18\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u4e1e\u76f8\u4eae\uff08\u8bf8\u845b\u4eae\uff09\u5357\u5f81\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u51ef\uff08\u5415\u51ef\uff09\u4e3a\u4e91\u5357\uff08\u90e1\uff09\u592a\u5b88\uff0c\u4f09\uff08\u738b\u4f09\uff09\u4e3a\u6c38\u660c\u592a\u5b88\uff0c\u7686\u5c01\u4ead\u4faf\uff0c\u674e\u6062\u8fc1\u6fee\u6c11\u6570\u5343\u843d\u4e8e\u4e91\u5357\u3001\u5efa\u5b81\uff08\u4eca\u6ec7\u6c60\u5730\u533a\uff09\u754c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4e8c\u90e1\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u6216\u662f\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u8700\u6c49\u653f\u6743\u5f3a\u5236\u8fc1\u5f99\u6c38\u660c\u5404\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5178\u578b\u5199\u7167\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In addition to continuously supplying resources for Shu Han from the Seven Southern Commanderies, Li Hui also used forced relocations to divide and restrain local powers in the Nan Zhong region. Huayang Guozhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Nan Zhong Zhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Yongchang Commandery<\/em> records frequent rebellions in Nan Zhong (see Figure 18):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cChancellor Zhuge Liang led the southern campaign\u2026 appointed L\u00fc Kai as Administrator of Yunnan Commandery and Wang Kang as Administrator of Yongchang Commandery, both enfeoffed as Tinghou. Li Hui relocated several thousand Pu people to the borders of Yunnan and Jianning (present-day Dianchi area) to populate the two commanderies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This passage provides a typical example of Shu Han\u2019s forced relocations of Yongchang tribes during the Three Kingdoms period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 18 \u2013 Huayang Guozhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Nan Zhong Zhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Yongchang Commandery.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u516c\u5143299\u5e74\u897f\u664b\u60e0\u5e1d\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u6c38\u660c\u518d\u4e71\uff0c\u300a\u534e\u9633\u56fd\u5fd7 \u00b7\u5357\u4e2d\u5fd7\u00b7\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u300b\u53c8\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe18\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u5143\u5eb7\u672b \u2026\u2026 \u5357\u5937\u4f5c\u4e71\uff0c\u95fd\u6fee\u53cd\uff0c\u4e43\u5357\u79fb\u6c38\u5bff\uff0c\u53bb\u6545\u90e1\u5343\u91cc\uff0c\u9042\u4e0e\u5916\u9694\u7edd\u3002\u201d\u5e73\u4e71\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6c38\u660c\u7684\u6fee\u4eba\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u5411\u5357\u8fc1\u5f99\u81f3\u6c38\u5bff\uff08\u4eca\u51e4\u5e86\u3001\u9547\u5eb7\uff0c\u4e34\u6ca7\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u300a\u534e\u9633\u56fd\u5fd7\u300b\u4e2d\u79f0\u6b64\u53bb\u6c38\u660c\u201c\u5343\u91cc\u4e4b\u5916\u201d\uff0c\u5c71\u5ddd\u5730\u7406\u7684\u963b\u9694\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\u6fee\u4eba\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u5316\u3002\u7ea6\u81f3\u5510\u4ee3\u540e\u6fee\u4eba\u5df2\u5206\u5316\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u9c9c\u660e\u5206\u652f\uff1a\u201c\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u201d\u548c\u201c\u671b\u86ee\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u300a\u86ee\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u8f7d\u201c\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u5df2\u4ece\u6c38\u660c\u90e1\u8fc1\u79fb\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u5f00\u5357\uff08\u4eca\u601d\u8305\u5730\u533a\u548c\u4e34\u6ca7\u5730\u533a\u4e1c\u90e8\uff09\u3001\u94f6\u751f\uff08\u4eca\u897f\u53cc\u7248\u7eb3\u5dde\u53ca\u5883\u5916\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u65b9\uff09\u3001\u6c38\u660c\uff08\u4eca\u4fdd\u5c71\u5730\u533a\u3001\u5fb7\u5b8f\u5dde\u4e1c\u90e8\u548c\u4e34\u6ca7\u5730\u533a\u897f\u90e8\uff09\u3001\u5bfb\u4f20\uff08\u4eca\u6f9c\u6ca7\u6c5f\u897f\u5cb8\u7684\u4e91\u9f99\u53bf\u5f80\u897f\u7ecf\u5fb7\u5b8f\u5dde\u897f\u90e8\u81f3\u7f05\u7538\u514b\u94a6\u90a6\u4e00\u5e26\u5730\u533a\uff09\u548c\u94c1\u6865\u897f\u5317\uff08\u4eca\u4e2d\u7538\u3001\u4e3d\u6c5f\u4e00\u5e26\u5730\u533a\uff09\u7b49\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u89c1\u56fe4 \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In 299 CE, during the final years of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin, Yongchang erupted in rebellion again. Huayang Guozhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Nan Zhong Zhi <\/em>\u00b7 <\/em>Yongchang Commandery<\/em> records (see Figure 18):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cAt the end of Yuankang\u2026 the southern barbarians rebelled, and the Min Pu revolted. They then moved south to Yongshou, leaving their old commandery by a thousand li, becoming isolated from the outside.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    After the rebellion was suppressed, part of the Pu population in Yongchang was forcibly relocated southward to Yongshou (present-day Fengqing, Zhenkang, and Lincang areas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The text notes that this move placed them \u201ca thousand li away\u201d from Yongchang. The geographic barriers of mountains and rivers further promoted the Pu people\u2019s differentiation. By roughly the Tang dynasty, the Pu had divided into two distinct branches: the \u201cPuzi Man\u201d and the \u201cWang Man.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    According to the Book of the Southern Barbarians<\/em>, the \u201cPuzi Man,\u201d ancestors of the Blang people, had by this time migrated from Yongchang Commandery to regions including: Ka Nan (present-day Simao and eastern Lincang), Yinsheng (present-day Xishuangbanna and neighboring areas), Yongchang (present-day Baoshan, eastern Dehong, and western Lincang), Xunchuan (along the west bank of the Lancang River from Yunlong County westward through western Dehong into northern Kachin State, Myanmar), and northwest of Tieqiao (present-day Zhongdian, Lijiang) (see Figure 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 19 \u2013 History of Yuan<\/em>, Volume 61.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u660e\u5143\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\uff08\u6734\u4eba\uff09\u5219\u56e0\u4e3a\u6218\u4e71\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u8f83\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u8fc1\u5f99\uff0c\u300a\u5143\u53f2 \u00b7  \u5377\u516d\u5341\u4e00\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe19\uff09\uff0c\u50a3\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\u201c\u91d1\u9f7f\u767d\u5937\u201d\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u8feb\u4f7f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u201c\u5f00\u5357\u6d32\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5a01\u8fdc\u5dde\u201d\u7684\u6734\u4eba\uff08\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\uff09\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u8feb\u8fc1\u79fb\u81f3\u5a01\u695a\uff1a\u201c\u5f00\u5357\u5e9c \u2026\u2026 \u5176\u5ddd\u5206\u5341\u4e8c\u7538\uff0c\u6614\u6734\u3001\u548c\u6ce5\uff08\u54c8\u5c3c\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\uff09\u4e8c\u86ee\u6240\u5c45\u4e5f \u2026\u2026 \u81f3\u8499\u6c0f\uff08\u5357\u8bcf\uff09\u5174\uff0c\u7acb\u94f6\u751f\u5e9c\uff0c\u540e\u4e3a\u91d1\u9f7f\u767d\u5937\u6240\u9677\uff0c\u79fb\u5e9c\u6cbb\u4e8e\u5a01\u695a\uff0c\u5f00\u5357\u9042\u4e3a\u751f\u86ee\u6240\u636e\u3002\u201d\u6709\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u5a01\u8fdc\u5dde \u2026\u2026 \u5176\u5ddd\u6709\u516d\uff0c\u6614\u6734\u3001\u548c\u6ce5\u4e8c\u86ee\u6240\u5c45\uff0c\u81f3\u8499\u6c0f\u5174\uff0c\u5f00\u5a01\u695a\u4e3a\u90e1\uff0c\u800c\u5dde\u5883\u59cb\u901a\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u91d1\u9f7f\u767d\u5937\u86ee\u914b\u963f\u53ea\u6b65\u7b49\u593a\u5176\u5730\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u660e\u4ee3\u6b63\u5fb7\u300a\u4e91\u5357\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u516b\u987a\u5b81\u5e9c\uff08\u4eca\u4e34\u6ca7\u5e02\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u533a\u57df\uff09\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe20\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u5883\u5185\u591a\u84b2\u86ee\uff0c\u5f62\u6076\u4f53\u9ed1\u3002\u7537\u5b50\u690e\u9afb\u8de3\u8db3\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u7ee2\u9afb\u4e8e\u8111\u540e\uff0c\u89c1\u4eba\u65e0\u793c\u62dc\uff0c\u4f46\u5c48\u819d\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u8282\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5949\u4f5b\uff0c\u60df\u4fe1\u5deb\u9b3c\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u5f88\u6bd2\uff0c\u52c7\u608d\u3001\u597d\u6597\u3001\u8f7b\u751f\uff0c\u5175\u4e0d\u79bb\u8eab\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    During the Ming and Yuan periods, the Bulang ancestors (referred to as the Pu<\/em> people) experienced large-scale migrations again due to warfare. History of Yuan<\/em>, Volume 61 (see Figure 19), records that the rise of the Dai ancestors, the \u201cJinchi Bai Yi,\u201d forced the Pu<\/em> people residing in Ka Nan Zhou and Weiyuan Zhou to relocate to Weichu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cKa Nan Prefecture\u2026 its valleys were divided into twelve dian<\/em>, formerly inhabited by the Pu and He Ni (Hani ancestors) barbarians\u2026 With the rise of the Meng family (Nanzhao) and the establishment of Yinsheng Prefecture, later seized by the Jinchi Bai Yi, the prefectural seat was moved to Weichu, and Ka Nan came under the control of the Sheng barbarians.
    \u2026Weiyuan Zhou\u2026 its six valleys were formerly inhabited by the Pu and He Ni barbarians. With the rise of the Meng family, Ka Weichu was established as a prefecture, and the Zhou territory became accessible. Later, the Jinchi Bai Yi chiefs, such as A Zhi Bu, seized the land.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the Ming dynasty, the Zhengde Yunnan Zhi<\/em>, Volume 8: Shunningning Prefecture (covering most of present-day Lincang City) records (see Figure 20):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cWithin the territory, there are many Pu Man, of dark complexion and harsh appearance. Men wear topknots and go barefoot, women tie silk knots at the back of the head. They show no obeisance to outsiders, only bending their knees. They do not follow proper ritual order, nor do they venerate Buddha, only believing in shamans and spirits. Their temperament is fierce, brave, quarrelsome, and reckless; weapons are never far from their bodies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 20 \u2013 Yunnan Zhi<\/em>, Volume 8: Shunningning Prefecture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u540c\u4e66\u300a\u4e91\u5357\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u5341\u56db\u5927\u4faf\u5dde\uff08\u4eca\u4e91\u53bf\u53ca\u5468\u8fb9\uff09\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe21\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u2026\u2026\u84b2\u86ee\u4fd7\u4e0e\u987a\u5b81\u540c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 21 \u2013 Yunnan Zhi<\/em>, Volume 14: Dahouzhou (present-day Yun County and surrounding areas): \u201c\u2026The customs of the Pu Man are the same as those of Shunning.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 21 \u2013 Yunnan Zhi<\/em>, Volume 14: Dahouzhou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6e05\u4ee3\u5eb7\u7199\u300a\u6c38\u660c\u5e9c\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u201c\u79cd\u4eba\u201d\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe22\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u84b2\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u53e4\u767e\u6fee\u3002\u2026\u2026\u672c\u5728\u6c38\u660c\u897f\u5357\u5fbc\u5916\uff0c\u8bb9\u6fee\u4e3a\u84b2\u3002\u6709\u56e0\u4ee5\u5176\u540d\u5176\u5730\u8005\uff0c\u82e5\u84b2\u7f25\uff0c\u84b2\u7518\u4e4b\u7c7b\u662f\u4e5f\u2026\u2026\u7537\u88f9\u9752\u7ea2\u5e03\u4e8e\u5934\uff0c\u8170\u7cfb\u9752\u7eff\u5c0f\u7ee6\u7ef3\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u8d35\uff0c\u8d31\u8005\u5219\u65e0\u3002\u8863\uff0c\u82b1\u5957\u957f\u8863\uff0c\u819d\u4e0b\u7cfb\u9ed1\u85e4\u3002\u5987\u4eba\u633d\u9afb\u8111\u540e\uff0c\u6234\u9752\u7eff\u73e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u82b1\u8863\u56f4\u8170\u4e3a\u88d9\uff0c\u4e0a\u7cfb\u6d77\u8d1d\u5341\u6570\u56f4\uff0c\u7cfb\u838e\u7f57\u5e03\u4e8e\u80a9\u4e0a\u3002\u6c38\u660c\u98ce\u6eaa\u3001\u65bd\u7538\u53ca\u5341\u4e94\u55a7\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5be8\u7686\u5176\u79cd\u3002\u52e4\u8015\u79cd\uff0c\u5f92\u8de3\u767b\u5c71\uff0c\u75be\u903e\u98de\u9e1f\uff0c\u4eca\u6e10\u5f31\u800c\u8d2b\u3002\u6709\u6d41\u5165\u65b0\u5174\u3001\u7984\u4e30\u3001\u963f\u8ff7\u3001\u9547\u5357\u4e0e\u666f\u4e1c\u3001\u8499\u81ea\u3001\u5f00\u5316\u5341\u516b\u5be8\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u8d28\u5986\u675f\u5404\u6b8a – \u4e91\u5357\u901a\u5fd7\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cThe Pu people are the ancient Bai Pu\u2026 originally lived southwest beyond Yongchang, the character \u2018Pu\u2019 being a corruption of \u2018Pu\u2019. Some places were named after them, such as Pu Piao and Pu Gan\u2026 Men wrap blue and red cloth on their heads, tie a small green or blue sash at the waist; the wealthy wear them, the poor do not. Clothing consists of patterned long robes with black vine ties below the knees. Women wear hair knots at the back of the head, green and blue beads, floral clothing around the waist as a skirt, multiple strings of cowries on top, and shawls of Shalu cloth over the shoulders. In Yongchang\u2019s Fengxi, Shidian, and fifteen Xuan and twenty-eight Zhai villages, these are their people. They diligently farm, go barefoot up mountains, and are as swift as birds; now gradually weakened and impoverished. Some migrated to Xinxing, Lufeng, Ami, Zhen\u2019nan, and eighteen villages in Jingdong, Mengzi, and Kaihua, with their appearance and dress varying accordingly.\u201d \u2013 Yunnan Tongzhi<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u6e05\u4ee3\u96cd\u6b63\u300a\u987a\u5b81\u5e9c\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u4e5d\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe23\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u84b2\u86ee – \u901a\u5fd7\u8f7d\uff1a\u5728\u987a\u5b81\u8005\u4e00\u53f7\u201c\u666e\u86ee\u201d\u53c8\u66f0\u201c\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u201d\u5373\u53e4\u201c\u6fee\u4eba\u201d\u4e5f \u2026\u2026 \u6309\u300a\u90e1\u5fd7\u4f59\u6284\u300b\u8c13\uff1a\u7537\u5973\u8272\u9ed1\u2026\u2026\u7a7f\u9ebb\u5e03\u8863\uff0c\u5973\u5b50\u7528\u9752\u5e03\u88f9\u5934\uff0c\u6234\u7bf7\u5e3d\uff0c\u8033\u5e26\u5927\u94f6\u73af\u6216\u94dc\u5708\u3002\u65b9\u97f3\u5473\u77a9\uff0c\u4e0d\u89e3\u6c49\u8bed\u3002\u2026\u2026\u65e0\u795d\u5bff\u793c\uff0c\u5f7c\u4e91\u8bb0\u6b7b\u4e0d\u8bb0\u751f\uff0c\u6545\u95ee\u4e4b\u767d\u53d1\uff0c\u5e74\u5c81\u7387\u591a\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u60df\u8bb0\u5fc6\u67d0\u5e74\u89c1\u67d0\u4e8b\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u5219\u4ed6\u4eba\u53ef\u5f97\u800c\u9006\u6570\u4e4b\u77e3\u3002\u6052\u5c45\uff0c\u5200\u8015\u706b\u79cd\uff0c\u597d\u6e14\u730e\uff0c\u4f4f\u5c71\u5be8\u8305\u5c4b\u4e2d\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 23 \u2013 Shunningning Fuzhi<\/em>, Volume 9 (Yongzheng era): \u201cPu Man \u2013 The Tongzhi records: Those in Shunning are called \u2018Pu Man,\u2019 also known as \u2018Puzi Man,\u2019 the ancient \u2018Pu people\u2019\u2026 According to Jun Zhi Yu Chao<\/em>, men and women have dark skin\u2026 wear hemp clothing; women wrap their heads in blue cloth, wear conical hats, and earrings of large silver or copper rings. Their local language is distinct and unintelligible in Chinese\u2026 No birthday rituals; they record deaths but not births, so when asked about age, most do not know, only remembering a year when a certain event occurred\u2026 others can deduce their age in reverse. They live permanently in mountain villages with thatched houses, practice slash-and-burn agriculture, and enjoy fishing and hunting.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 23 \u2013 Shunningning Fuzhi, Volume 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6e05\u4ee3\u9053\u5149\u300a\u666e\u6d31\u5e9c\u5fd7\u300b\u5377\u5341\u516b\u8f7d\uff08\u56fe24\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u84b2\u86ee – \u53c8\u540d\u84b2\u4eba\uff0c\u5b81\u6d31\uff08\u4eca\u666e\u6d31\uff09\u3001\u601d\u8305\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u897f\u53cc\u7248\u7eb3\uff09\u3001\u5a01\u8fdc\uff08\u4eca\u666f\u8c37\uff09\u6709\u4e4b\u3002\u53e4\u79f0\u767e\u6fee\u2026\u2026\u7537\u7a7f\u9752\u84dd\u5e03\u77ed\u8863\u88e4\uff0c\u5973\u7a7f\u9ebb\u5e03\u77ed\u8863\uff0c\u84dd\u5e03\u6876\u88d9\uff0c\u8170\u631a\u5e03\u5e26\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c34\u868c\u58f3\u9489\u5176\u4e0a\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u6d77\u5df4\uff08bo\uff0c\u5de6\u8d1d\u53f3\u5df4\uff09\u3002\u6563\u5904\u5c71\u6797\uff0c\u5c45\u6709\u5b9a\u5740\uff0c\u82e5\u6613\u7f6e\u4ed6\u5904\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c45\u3002\u5e38\u8015\u79cd\u4e3a\u4e1a\uff0c\u5265\u8549\u5fc3\u716e\u98df\u4ee5\u5f53\u83dc\u852c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cPu Man \u2013 Also called Pu people, present in Ning\u2019er (modern Pu\u2019er), Simao (including Xishuangbanna), and Weiyuan (modern Jinggu). Formerly called Bai Pu\u2026 Men wear short blue or indigo cloth shirts and trousers; women wear short hemp shirts, blue cloth tube skirts, with cloth belts at the waist, decorated with freshwater clam shells called haiba<\/em> (bo, left shell, right ba). They live scattered in the mountains and forests, with fixed settlements; if moved elsewhere, they cannot dwell. Farming is their usual occupation, and they cook banana hearts as a vegetable substitute.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Figure 24 \u2013 Pu<\/em>\u2019<\/em>er Fuzhi<\/em>, Volume 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u6e05\u5149\u7eea\u300a\u7eed\u4e91\u5357\u901a\u5fd7\u7a3f\u300b\u5377\u4e00\u767e\u516d\u5341\uff0c\u5357\u86ee\u5fd7\u201c\u79cd\u4eba\u201d\u7bc7\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u84b2\u4eba\u5373\u84b2\u86ee\uff0c\u76f8\u4f20\u4e3a\u767e\u6fee\u3001\u82d7\u88d4\uff0c\u5b8b\u4ee5\u524d\u4e0d\u901a\u4e2d\u56fd \u2026\u2026 \u4eca\u9806\u752f\u3001\u6f82\u6c5f\u3001\u93ae\u6c89\u3001\u666e\u6d31\u3001\u695a\u96c4\u3001\u666f\u6771\u3001\u6c38\u660c\u7b49\u4e03\u5e9c\u6709\u6b64\u79cd …… \u5a5a\uff0c\u4ee4\u5973\u62e9\u914d\u3002\u846c\uff0c\u7528\u6c99\u7f57\u5e03\u88f9\u5c38\u800c\u711a\u4e4b\u3002\u508d\u6c34\u5c45\uff0c\u80fd\u6d6e\u6e21\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u53c8\u4e91\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201c\u5728\u8499\u81ea\u53ca\u5f00\u5316\u5341\u516b\u5be8\u7686\u53f7\uff1a\u91ce\u84b2\u6840\u9a9c\u80dc\u8bf8\u5937\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201c\u5728\u666f\u4e1c\u8005\uff1a\u6e7b\u6a38\uff08\u5b57\u540c\u6df3\uff0c\u97f3ch\u00fan\uff09\uff0c\u52a1\u519c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201c\u5728\u987a\u752f\u6cbf\u6f9c\u6ca7\u6c5f\u5c45\u8005\u53f7\uff1a\u666e\u86ee\uff0c\u4ea6\u66f0\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\uff0c\u6027\u608d\u6076\uff0c\u4e13\u4e3a\u76d7\u8d3c\uff0c\u4e0d\u978d\u800c\u9a91\uff0c\u5584\u9397\u5f29 \u2026\u2026 \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201c\u84b2\u86ee\uff0c\u6027\u591a\u7591\uff0c\u8c8c\u9ed1\u800c\u5bdd\uff08\u4e11\uff09\u3002\u97f3\u7c7b\u4e4c\uff0c\u901a\u6c49\u8bed\uff0c\u77e5\u793c\u8ba9\u3002\u8015\u5c71\uff0c\u5584\u6cd7\uff0c\u98df\u8549\u5fc3\u5982\u852c\u3002\u695a\u96c4\u5e9c\u6709\u4e4b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In Xu Yunnan Tongzhi Gao<\/em>, Volume 160, Nanman Zhi, section \u201cZhongren\u201d (Southern Barbarians \u2013 Recorded People), the text records:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u201cThe Pu people, also called Pu Man, are traditionally descended from the Bai Pu and Miao. Before the Song dynasty, they were not in contact with China\u2026 Today they are present in seven prefectures: Shunning, Chengjiang, Zhenchen, Pu\u2019er, Chuxiong, Jingdong, and Yongchang. Regarding marriage, women choose their partners. For burial, the body is wrapped in Shaluo cloth and cremated. They live near water and can float across rivers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Additionally:<\/p>\n\n\n

      \n
    • “In Mengzi and eighteen villages of Kaihua, they are called wild Pu, fierce and superior to other barbarians.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “In Jingdong: Zhun Pu (character same as ‘chun’, pronounced ch<\/em>ú<\/em>n<\/em>), farming diligently.”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “Along the Lancang River in Shunning: called Pu Man, also Puzu Man; aggressive and vicious, primarily thieves; ride without saddles; skilled with crossbows and spears…”<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • “Pu Man are suspicious by nature, dark-skinned and unattractive. Their language resembles Wu, but they understand Chinese and know etiquette. They farm mountains, are skilled in fishing, and eat banana hearts as vegetables. Present in Chuxiong Prefecture.”<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Figure 25 \u2013 Xu Yunnan Tongzhi Gao<\/em>, Volume 160: Nanman Zhi \u00b7 \u201cZhongren\u201d (Recorded People).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u4ece\u590f\u5546\u6587\u732e\u68b3\u7406\u5230\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5148\u6c11\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u578b\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u6e05\u4ee3\u81f3\u4eca\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u84b2\u4eba\u5206\u5316\u6210\u5fb7\u6602\u65cf\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6fee\u4eba\u5219\u5728\u4e0e\u5f5d\u65cf\u3001\u50a3\u65cf\u3001\u54c8\u5c3c\u65cf\u3001\u57fa\u8bfa\u65cf\u7b49\u6c11\u65cf\u6df7\u5c45\u65f6\u9010\u6e10\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u6c11\u65cf\u76f8\u878d\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      From the Xia and Shang period records through the Qing dynasty, the territorial distribution of the Bulang ancestors had largely stabilized into the regions we recognize today. During this period, some of the Pu people gradually differentiated into the De\u2019ang ethnic group, while other Pu groups, living in mixed communities with Yi, Dai, Hani, and Jino peoples, gradually assimilated with these neighboring ethnicities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Figure 26 \u2013 Dian Lue<\/em>, Volume 9: Bo Yi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u5982\u4eca\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6c49\u6587\u5316\u3001\u50a3\u6587\u5316\u5174\u76db\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u201c\u65e7\u4e60\u4fd7\u201d\u6b63\u5728\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u201c\u65b0\u4e60\u4fd7\u201d\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u4f20\u627f\u6027\u7684\u201c\u98ce\u4fd7\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u6613\u968f\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u800c\u8fc5\u901f\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u67d0\u4e9b\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u201c\u98ce\u4fd7\u201d\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u76ee\u524d\u552f\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u5343\u5e74\u5386\u53f2\u4e14\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5355\u4e00\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u6751\u5be8\u7684\u7ae0\u6717\u6751\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6751\u5be8\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\u8868\u73b0\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u660e\u4ee3\u300a\u6ec7\u7565\u300b\uff08\u56fe26\uff09\u4e2d\u5bf9\u201c\u5927\u4f2f\u5937\u201d\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0 – – \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0e\u84b2\u86ee\u3001\u6734\u5b50\u86ee\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5e76\u5165\u7edf\u4e00\u5316\u7684\u201c\u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7fa4\u201d\u4e2d\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u4f2f\u5937\u5728\u9647\u5ddd\u4ee5\u897f\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u526a\u53d1\u7eb9\u8eab\uff0c\u5987\u4eba\u8de3\u8db3\u67d3\u9f7f\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5e03\u88f9\u5176\u9996\uff0c\u996e\u98df\u7b80\u800c\u9887\u7cbe\uff0c\u5c45\u559c\u8fd1\u6c34 \u2026\u2026.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      It is noteworthy that the Bulang people today live in regions dominated by Han and Dai cultures, and some of their \u201cold customs\u201d are gradually disappearing while \u201cnew customs\u201d are forming. However, deeply rooted and long-standing \u201cfolk traditions\u201d do not easily change with social transformations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Within the Blang community, certain distinct subgroups still exist, differentiated primarily by particular \u201ccustoms.\u201d For example, Zhanglang Village\u2014the only single Blang village with a continuous history of over a thousand years\u2014retains customs that closely match the description of the Da Bo Yi<\/em> people in the Ming dynasty text Dian Lue<\/em> (Figure 26). This subgroup, markedly different from the Pu Man and Puzi Man, may today have been incorporated into the unified Bulang community:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u201cThe Da Bo Yi lived west of Longchuan; men cut their hair and tattooed themselves, women went barefoot and dyed their teeth, wrapping their heads in colored cloth. Their diet was simple yet refined, and they preferred to live near water\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u8d77\u6e90 History and Origin \u4e00\u3001\u5e03\u6717\u4eba\u7684\u8109\u640f\uff1a\u6fee\u4eba\u9057\u98ce \u5e03\u6717\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8840\u8109\u5c31\u50cf\u6f9c\u6ca7\u6c5f\u7684\u6c34\u5728\u6a2a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-34","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=34"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":154,"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34\/revisions\/154"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bulangworld.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}